MECHANOPHYSICS  (I)

        SOME VALUES GIVEN IN THIS WORK

Gravity microcorpuscle:  m_g  =  7.811 x 10^—58  Kg.

Light corpuscle:  m_c  =  1.47236 x 10^—50  Kg.

Propeller particle, 7 orbit  m₇  =  4.8324 x 10^—38  Kg.

Mass of the electron  m_e  =  9.1091 x 10^—31  Kg

¨     ¨        a proton:  m_p  =  1.6725 x 10^--27  Kg.

¨      ¨   ¨   Earth  =  5.975 x 10²⁴  Kgs.

¨      ¨   ¨   Sun  =  1.985 x 10³⁰       ¨

Radius ¨       proton:  r₊  =  1.7143 x 10^—14  m

 ¨        ¨    ¨   electron:  r_e  =  1.4 x 10^—15  m

¨        ¨    ¨   seven shell:  r₇  =  1.13763 x 10^—10  m

¨        ¨    ¨  Earth:  r  =  6.375 x 10⁶  m

¨        ¨    ¨  Sun:  r_s  =  7 x 10⁸  m

¨        ¨    ¨  Earth orbit:  r  =  1.48 x 10¹¹  m

Length of a side of polygonal orbit:  l_v  = .2.55 x 10^—11  m

Length of a multimolecule:  l_m  =  5.68815 x 10^—4  m

Radius of a virtual orbit:  r_v  =   2.06 x 10 ^--4  m  (maximum orbit)

Radius  (maximum) of a Coulomb´s orbit:  r_c  =  0.895  m

Time of return distance of light corpuscles:  t_r  =1.58 x 10¹⁸  Sec

         Time of deflection  (electron 7 orbit):  t_>7  =  4.47 x 10^—20  Sec.

Time of orbit          (      ¨       ¨     ¨  ):   t_o  =  2.3084 x 10^—10 Sec.

Time of vertex  :    (      ¨       ¨     ¨  )  t_v7  =  8.27 x 10^—17  Sec.

Time of jump         (      ¨       ¨     ¨  )  t_j7  =  1.12 x 10^—11  Sec.  =  135,632 t_v7

Time of multimolecule:  t_m  =  2.8 x 10^—5  Sec.

1 year  =  31,557,600  seconds

Deflection velocity of sever orbit electron:  v_l_{_7}  =  69,098  m / Sec.

Velocity of the seven orbit electron:  v_e7  =  308,570  m / Sec.

Velocity of the seven nushel positive particle:  v₊₇  =  672.27  m / Sec.

h  =  6.6256 x 10^—34  joule  =  1 quantum.

1 coulomb  =  1  joule

Electron charge:  q_e  =  1  eV.  =  1.6 x 10^—19  joule

m  =  9.2754 x 10^—28  joule  =  1 magnetron of Bohr.

K  =  9 x  10⁹  newton m² / coulomb²  =  coefficient of Coulomb´s law

k  =  1.38 x 10^--23. joule / molecule ^oK  =  coefficient  of  Boltzmann´s law

G  =  6.673 x 10^—11  m³ / (Kg  Sec²)  =  constant of universal gravitation.

135,632 t_>  =  1 t_j

135,632 t_>7  =  1 t_j

           L   =  0.895 m  =  maximum disance at which works the  Coulomb´s formula- 

   MODEL OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO MEDICINE          

Before the experiment of  Griffith, it was suppose that with certain heat a microorganism could be destroyed.   Grifflith proved that with certain heat not all the structure of the microorganism were destroyed, and that at least its  DNA was not affected.   The structure of the  DNA has many short circuits that nullify many effects of secondary currents that are produced in the cells and in the microorganisms.   If are placed the extremes of two electrodes spaced one millimeter,  when an electric current  (10 volts,  0.008 Amp.) is circulating, it will produce a continuous spark between them.   This spark produces heat, whose intensity destroy some parts of the microorganisms, and  this have been proved in the practice.

In mechanophysics is not accepted the model of the free electrons.   It is considered that the electrons move along a chain of multimolecules that are formed in the conductor when is produced a difference of electric potential.   The electrons of the current move from the atom of less potential toward the atom of more potential  (here we consider that  from the less positive toward the more positive);  this movement is around each atom of the multimolecule, during a time equal to:  1.12 x  10^—11 second / atom, as will be explained later.   When the electron arrives to the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule, it jumps to the atom of less potential of the adjacent multimolecule, in which is repeated the same movement.   When the electron arrives to the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule  (last atom), jumps to the adjacent multimolecule, that has more potential.

I  am not sure, exactly, when began my investigation on physics.   First I was interested in divulgate the theories of my father, so  I studied them and afterward those of relativity;  in these last ones  I  found many fails; so, also  I  got interested in study some modern physics, and also found many fails in it, and determine they had not good roots;  that is, they were not founded in the structure of the atoms.   I  remember. as in 1965, doctor  Rodolfo Castillo Bahena was director of the department of physics in the ISTESM. that told me that the real progress of physics was conditioned to a good model of atom;  immediately  I  accepted this because always was in accordance with it.   I  began to study all the models of atoms existing them, but none satisfied me.   Finally  I  conceived that of the polygonal orbits. and tried to make a detailed one of it.   Afterward. and due that there are many alternatives in some details,  I  decided that this would be obtained when we advanced in our studies, and that is better to give the most simple model in first place.

The correct study of physics must be based in the structure of the atoms, and for to understand this we ought to know many things of a correct physics;   Nevertheless physics science has not been developed parting from its roots, but from the macroscopic and more evident bodies and particles.   For develop mechanophysics  I  parted from a model of atom that consider was the most logic;  for understand this there are many details that here will be omitted, but afterward will be given in other themes.   Exist the idea that physics ( and all sciences) have developed because all the discoveries made of it have been proved;  but here there is a confusion;  one thing is to prove something and other is to give an explanation of it  (correct or wrong)  of it.   Newton explained with his fields of gravity forces, the movement of the planets around the  Sun,  and this explanation has prevailed till the present time;  but with this has not been proved how works the gravity.

 In his electromagnetic theories  Maxwell supposed that any electric particles, from the most elemental one, that in this case would be an electron with negative charge, or a proton or a positron with positive charge;  they would emit their electric fluid in all directions, forming an electric field with their corresponding sign.   I am not in accordance with this, because this would mean that neither the electrons nor the protons have only one side in which they can emit  (and receive) their radiations.   An electron or a proton have only one side in which they emit their radiation.   An electron or a proton, in a given instant only can emit their radiation in only one way;  in many instant they can emit many radiation in many direction forming a field.   A particle formed by many atoms and that has an electric positive charge, or a negative one, can form an electric field with many atoms, positive, or negative  (in accordance with the excess of protons or electrons);  this because in the charged particle each atom will try to emit its radiation at the same time than the others, in all directions (in all angles...).

As said before,  I  conceived a model of atom, taking in account many facts, but without pretending give  the proves of it;  these will be obtained with the progress of physics..   In some way  I  imagine an atom similar to a solar system;  in other aspects have to take in account  the behavior of the atoms;  had to take in account the limitation of the laws of the classical dynamics;  the behavior of the electromagnetic  and the gravity radiations;  of the black body radiations,  etc.  Avoiding many explanations that will be understand when we advance in our study, was conceived this model with the polygonal orbits, corresponding to the shells of the atom.   Not all the atoms have the same radii;  and these could vary in accordance with the model it is consider;  mathematically can give a great approximation to the atomic values, in order that fix very well with a model (but not with all).   It was consider an average radius:  r₇  =  1.13763 x 10^—10  m.,  that is equal to the most external orbit or shell.   There are seven shells  (n  =  7). spaced at equal distance one from each other.   In the first orbit  (square one) the electron moves at  v₁  =  2160  Kms./ Sec;  in the (n)  shell, formed by a regular polygon of  4 n  sides, the orbital electron moves at a velocity:  v_n  =  v₁ /n   =  2160 / n  Kms./ Sec..   In our model the orbit of the electron is not produced in a flat plane, because this plane has a spin, as will be explained afterward.   Considering the rotation of the electron and the spin of its orbit,  the electron will move around its shell in a time we will call time of jump:  t_j  =  1.12 x 10^—11  Sec.

Till here, only have been consider the orbital electrons of the atoms but have not talked of the positive particles that could be supposed as a unitary particle that control an orbital electron of the atom.   In our model have consider that each orbital electron has its exclusive positive particle formed by one proton in the  H  atom, and by one proton plus one, or two neutrons in the other atoms.   To an electron plus one positive particle, working as was say, we will call:  binary system.   Here both particles rotate around a point between them;  for instance  he electron of the seven shell, at a distance:  r₇  »  1.13763 x 10^—10  m;  and the positive particle:  r₇´ =  4 r₇ / 1836  =  4 x 1.13763 x   10^—10 / 1836  =  2.988 x 10^—13  m;  etc.

Had not been explained how are formed and how work the binary systems.   In our model have been consider a structure for the positive and for the negative particles;  an axis, as a tube in the diameter of them in which are received and emitted some propeller particles formed by corpuscles as those of light.   For to be attraction between both particles they must be oriented, co lineal and in the same way, their axis.   All the binary system of an atom fulfill the fore condition;  and as the positive particles are very much near one to each other in the nucleus of the atom, there is no rejection between them, because their diameter, always are oriented to their negative particles (never to the other positive particles…).

The two particles of a binary system are spaced a distance equal to   r_n   = (n / 7) r₇.  The propeller particle  m_^n;  produces the deflection of the orbits of both particles, moving along the diameter of one of them, and after that, moves jumping to the other particle in which is repeated the fore mentioned movement and interior propeller action..   When this propeller particle is into the electron, it is produced a deflection in the trajectory of it  (in a vertex);  similar thing happens when is into the positive one, in its trajectory.   All say here will be understand better with the numerical examples.   The propeller particle  m_^n;  is formed by corpuscle as those of light.   The mass of a corpuscle is:  m_c  =  1.47236 x 10^—50  Kg.;  its kinetic energy when moving at light velocity is equal to one quantum,  h  =  6.6256 x 10^—34  joule.   A propeller particle of the orbital electron of the seven shell, deflects it with a kinetic energy equal to: K_>^7  =  0.5 m_^7 c²  =  0.5 m_^7 (3 x 10⁸)²  =  4.5 x 10¹⁶ m_^7

K_>^7  =  0.5 m_e v_^7²  =  0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 x 69,100²  =  2.1747 x 10^—21  joule

v_^7  =  radial velocity of the orbital electron of the seven shell

m_^7  =  2.1747 x 10^—21 / 4.5 x 10¹⁶  =  4.8327 x 10^—38  Kg.

Modern physics acceptsy as model of electric current that of the free electrons.   This model is too much deficient, as have been explained many times.   When it was conceived and accepted did not exist a good structure of the atoms in which could flow the electrons of the current.   They avoided this problem considering that the electrons could be free to flow by themselves.   With a logical structure of the atoms we have conceived a model in which the electron of the electric current move along chains of atoms we name:  multimolecules. The electric current electrons advance from an atom to the adjacent one, moving in each one a time of jump:  t_j  =  1.12 x 10^—11  Sec.  =  135,632 t_>7  =  135,632 x 8.27 x 10^—17  Sec.;     t_>7  =  time of vertex (7 shell);  equal to the time in which the electron moves from a vertex to the adjacent one.   The fundamental idea of our model of electric current can be obtained if we consider a conductor wire in which are formed a bunch of multimolecules.   If it is applied a difference of electric potential the electrons that are in one extreme of it will try to move to the opposite extreme spinning around each atom as was say, in a time of jump;  after than jump to the adjacent and forward atom, repeating this process, and so on, till they reach the highest potential extreme of the conductor wire.   In this process they can advance limited distances, we call  multimolecules, along the conductor.   In the higher potential atom of each multimolecule they get over saturated;  with an interior propeller fluid, they get free of the fore condition and can jump to the forward multimolecule, their excess fluid is absorbed by the last atom of the fore multimolecule; in this way can jump to the lower potential atom of the adjacent multimolecule and advance along it, as did in the fore multimolecule, and so on..   A multimolecule is formed by  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms.   The time employed by each current electron along a multimolecule is:   t_m  =  2.5 x 10⁶ t_j  =  2.5 x 10⁶ x 1.12 x 10^—11  =  2.8 x 10^--5  Sec.   The fundamental times of our model of electric current are:   t_>7,  t_j,  t_m ,  etc.

In figure  (3), with  (O)  is indicated the nucleus of an atom, around it spin all the positive particles of ùuu++

the binary systems that form the nucleus of the atom, also spin the orbital electrons.   The regular polygons concentric to the nucleus, have from the seven orbit toward the first the following quantity of sides:  7 x 4  =  28,   6 x 4  =  24,   ...   1 x 4  =  4.   The fore are the orbits of the nucleus formed by the  positive particles of the binary systems;  the negative particles or electrons have similar orbits, but much bigger.   Practically all the sides of the same sign have the same length.   In figure  (2)  is indicated in a schematic way a piece of trajectory of a seven orbit electront:  y, z, e, a;  (o) is the center of rotation.   The 7 orbital electron moves around the nucleus  (o) with a velocity: v₇  = 309 Kms../ Sec..   The polygonal orbit also will spin, but in a perpendicular way around the nucleus  (o), this due to the  Bohr´s  magnetron, that acts normally to the electron trajectory, as is indicated by the displacement  e e´.   Here the distance  (ze)  is  proportional to the translation velocity v₇ of the electron  and  ee´ is proportional to the perpendicular velocity of the vertex of the orbit;  this due to the kinetic energy produced by the  Bohr´s magnetron, and is equal to the angular velocity  a of the plane of the orbit.   Considering the plane of the orbit. in figure  (2´) the distances:  zy, ze,  are equal each one to a side of the polygonal orbit;  e´ e  is the radial deflection of the orbital electron in a vertex.                            

?

The effect of “energy” of the  magnetron of Bohr  is equal to: m. =  9.2754 x 10^—28 joule; acting  n accordance with the left hand rule;  but this action is inverted when the orbital electron is moving in opposite direction than the advance of the electrons current, this in accordance with the explanations given in the theme: Rejecting Velocity and Admision Velocity, when two bodies that produce some field move in opposite side, there is a rejection effect between them.  The action of the magnetic field produced by the moving  electron, will be in the same way than the hands of the clock, for an observer that is in front of the advancing electron,when it moves in the same way of the flux of the electric current (of arrow  F);  and in the opposite way when the flux is inverted, as is indicated by the arrow   (F),  as can be appreciated in figure  (2)  (experiment of  Stern & Gerlach).   In this figure, schematically is represented the effective advance of the electron with the arrow  F  (equal to the direction that has the conductor).  While the electron moves from the vertex (z) to  (e), at a velocity v₇,  its orbit spins an angle   (a);  in such way that the vertex  (e) is displaced to  (e´), because the action of the magnetron of Bohr

Kinetic energy of the orbital electron: (7ª orbit)      :                                                                                      K_e7 = 0.5 x 9.11 x 10^—28 (3.09x 10⁷ )² = 4.35 x 10^—13 erg                                                                                   Each time that the velocity of  Bohr acts in the orbital electron of the electric current  in each vertex, the orbit spin the following angle                                                                                                                  

a  = (m / 2 K_e7)^0.5 p / 14  =  (9.2754 x 10^{-- 21} / {2 x 4.35 x 10-^{- 13}})^0.5 p / 14  =  2.317 x 10^{-- 5} radians.                    14  = 28 sides of orbit / 2                                                                                                              

(m / 2)  acts in the positive particle  (nucleus), and .(m / 2) acts in the orbital electron.                    For the orbit to spins  p  radians it is required:                                                                                            n_p = p / a  =  3.1416 / 2.317 x 10^--5 » 135,632  Bohr´s velocities.                                                                   the orbital electron will move from one vertex to the next one in a time of vertex:           

 t_>7  =  2 p r₇ / (28 v_e)  =  2.p (1.13763 x 10^—10) / (28 x 3.085 x 10⁵)  =  8.27 x 10^—17  Sec.

Each time the orbit of the electron spins an angle =  180º  (the electron has moved around all the surface of its shell), the electron will jump to the adjacent atom of the multimolecule, in a time of jump:  t_j  =  8.27 x 10^—17 x 135,632  =  1.12 x 10^—11  Sec.  =  time of jump

 In the seven shell of an atom one of its molecable electrons, or electron that can form a molecule, has certain saturation,    In the  H atom, its binary system when ionized can gets its electron moving in the first orbit, before it get ionized; then the ionization potential of the electron of the hydrogen would be:          i  =  0.5 m_e v₁²  =  0,5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 x 2,160,000²  =  2.125 x 10^—18  joule  =  2.125 x 10^—18 / 1.6 x 10^—19  =  13.3  eV;                                                                                                                     1 eV  =  1.6 x 10^—19  joule

Since was known the existence of the electrons and of the nuclei  (with our theory, the negative particles and the positive ones of the binary systems...) of the atoms, have been considered that an atom gets ionized when it gets free of an electron, because this the electron emits a  propeller fluid, formed by corpuscles, as those of light, that have all the energetic capacity to realize this process.   But this is not the only way an atom gets free of an electron, and jumps toward the first orbit.  In a molecule formed by two atoms, in a given instant  (time of jump) one of the atoms gets free of   the molecular electron  (molecable electron), because this moves to the other atom;  in the following instant, the process is inverted;  an so on;  and all these without the production of any external propeller fluid.   In our multimolecule the current electron moves along all the atoms without producing external propeller fluids, except  in the extreme atoms of the chain of multimolecules….   It is possible  (?) that the multimolecules are formed when is produced a difference of potential.   For produce an ionization, this is accompany of a propeller fluid in the ionizer electron.   Some atoms are ionized easier than others because they have a higher degree of saturation of corpuscles, such that with less corpuscles that are added, is produced the ionization fluid in the electrons that are liberated.   In the molecules there is a continuous interchange of internal propeller fluid, that is of energy.   In the electron of the electric current and the intermediate atoms of the multimolecule happens something similar.   When  an electron of the electric current of a multimolecule jumps to another one, only the electron gets free of its over saturation, that will be absorbed by the adjacent and last atom of the kuti,olrcule..

In my model of electric current, that could be named model of ionization or of multimolecules,  is considered that the higher electric potential, is that that have the most positive particles, and the less  potential that that have the less positive particles, or more negative ones.   Here is considered the movement of the electric current equal to the movement of advance of the electrons.   These move along a chain of atoms that we call:  multimolecules, of  nearly  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms.   The electron of the current moves along of each multimolecule, spinning around each atom, jumping from the less potential toward the most potential of the multimolecule;  and next jumps to the atom of less potential of  the adjacent multimolecule, and of higher  potential than the fore one.   Each time that the electron  of the current moves along a multimolecule, as was say, gets a degree of over saturation of corpuscles that are yieded by the atom od the multimolecule  (as those of light).   When the electron of the current gets the mentioned degree of over saturation, can not advance, because it need gets free of this over saturation;, in accordance with the model,   in order can do this and jumps to the adjacent multimolecule, were is repeated the fore process .   When the electron jumps to the atoms of less potential of the adjacent multimolecule, before this, has get free of its over saturation, is produced a fluid is not manifested in an exterior way, because is transmitted directly between the electron to its adjacent atom, except in the case is  produced what we have call an ionization effect in which is manifested in an exterior way the propeller fluid.   In this way, the electron, being free of the mentioned over saturation, will be in condition to move freely in the less potential atom of the forward multimolecule,  next will move toward the atom of higher potential of this multimolecule.   Here is repeated the jumps process mentioned before, and so on.

In the same way that the electron  (negative particle of the binary system....) gets over saturated when interacts with positive particles  2.5 x 10⁶  times;  the positive particle that absorbs the over saturations of the negative particles, also gets  over saturated, in accordance with the capacity of the positive particle  here will be  produced  an ionization....)  when it is affected by an equal quantity  (2.5 x 10⁶) of the current electrons .   The number mentioned before is equal to the atoms that has a multimolecule.   The positive particle, that in the given moment gets over saturated and ionized correspond to the atom of higher potential of  2.5 x 10⁶ multimolecules.   Such ionization is manifested with a propeller fluid that emits the ionizer electron  with the energy and temperature required for this process.   In order to effectuate this ionization  it is required a time equal to that that an electron of the current moves along  (2.5 x 10⁶)²  atoms of the conductor   =  2.5 x 10⁶   multimolecules.   The ionization that is produced is equivalent to a high temperature.

In all the movements  in which  intervene the electron and the atom  (more correct to say:  the negative particle and the positive one in the binary systems....)  there is an interchange of energy, manifested by the corpuscles acting as propeller fluids of the ionizer electron, as was say in other paragraphs.   The ionization is produced when the electron has moved along n_m   =  2.5 x 10⁶  multimolecules, in an  electric current..  With our theories has been defined that the electrons of the electric current move along the chain of atoms of the multimolecules.   Each is formed by about  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms,  as have been justified in other themes, when have obtained some concordances between some effects and phenomena.    An electron of the electric current is able to move  without problem from the atom of lower potential toward the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule.   This can be explained considering that the electron in all this movement, around  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms  (binary system in the atoms....)  gets a degree of saturation of corpuscles  (as those of light).   When the electron arrives to the atom of higher  potential of the multimolecule  it gets all its saturation  (gets over saturated), so can not advance freely,  so that in order to jumps to the atom of less  potential of the adjacent  and more  potential multimolecule,  the electron will have to gets free with an inerior fluid, of all its over saturation, that will be absorbed by the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule.

In the same way that the electron of the electric current requires to move around  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms of the multimolecule, in order to gets over saturated and afterward gets free of this over saturation, that will be absorbed by the adjacent atom, that gets an over saturation, when electrons in an  electric current have  afected   (2.5 x 10⁶)² times to such  atom, so that can be be uinized.   The effective distance that moves an electron in the fore process will be:    L _i = 2 r₇ (2.5 x 10⁶)²     It was say that the ionization of an atom of the conductor is equal to: i  =  n_m i_o,----------------------------------------------        n_m  = quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule;  i_o  =  energy of over saturation of the current electron.   But in the same conductor can circulate currents of different intensity, depending of the different electric potential at which they are working.  For produce an ionization in an atom, in all cases, this will be affected for the same quantity of  interactions with the electrons of the current.   It was say that between the electrons of the current and the atoms  of the multimolecules there is an interchange of saturation, , by n_m saturations produced by the electrons in the atom is going to be ionized, as just have been say   As in these explanations there are many details that complicate the explanations;  next will be given numerical examples;  one with a conductor as mercury  Hg, and other with a  conductor of cooper  Cu.   In medicine, electric currents with about:  V  »  10  volts and:  I  »  0.008 Amps,  are not harmful to the organism;  because this, we are interested to know in which conditions all the conductors work in order to fulfill the fore requirement 

 In the table  of radii of atoms, for  Hg  we have:  r_Hg  =  1.44  m;  so we have a length of multimolecule for  Hg:  L_m  =  (2 r₇) n_m  =  (2 x 1,44 x 10^—10) 2.5 x 10⁶  =  0.00072  m.  

In  n_m multimolecules is produced an ionization in an atom.

Time of multimolecule:  t_m  =  2.8 x 10^—5  Sec.

Time of ionization of an atom:   t_i  =  n_m t_m  =  2.5 x 10⁶ x 2.8 x 10^—5  =  70  Sec.

As we are working with  I  acting in one second,  this  distance will be:

 L₁ =  L_m n_m / 70  =  0.00072 x 2,5 x 10⁶ / 70  =  1800 / 70  =  25.714  m. in one second

r₇  =  radius of an atom.;  n_m  =  quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule.    n_m²  =  quantity of atoms that travel the electron between an ionized atom and the following one.

Numerical example of a  Hg  conductor

(Hg):   I  =  0.008 amperes;    r  =  0.0000958 ohm / cm³;          i   =  10.4  eV.  =  potential of ionization;     A  =  0.01  cm²  =  section of the conductor

R =  r L₁ / A  =  =.0.0000958 x 2571.4 / 0.01  = 24.634  ohm / L₁  =  resistance.                                               V =  R I  =   24.634 x 0.008  =  0.197  volts / L₁                                                                                                                                   I  =  intensity of the current expressed in amperes  =  0.008  Amps      .                                                                                                         I_e  =  intensity of the current expressed in electrons / seconds  =  0.008 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸  =  5,04 x 10¹⁶                                                                                                                                                  Energy of the potential of ionization:    i  = 10.4 x 1.6 x 10^—19  joule  =  1.664 x 10^—18  joule. 

Time of ionization:     t_i  =  2.5 x 10⁶ t_m  =  2.5 x 10⁶ x 2.8 x 10^—5  =  70  Secs.

W_r  =  R I²  =  24.634 x 0.008²  =  0,0015766  watt  

W_i  =  i I_e / 70  =  1.664 x 10^—18 x 5.04 x 10¹⁶ / 70  =  0.0011981  joule / Sec.        

W_r / W_i  =  0.0015766 / 0.0011981  =  1.3159         

W_i´ =  1.3159 x 0.0011981  =  0.0015766    joule / Sec..

i´  =  1.3159 x 1.664 x 19^—18  =  2.1897 x 10^—18  coulomb

Temperature produced every  70  Sec. (formula of Boltzmann) : 

T_i  =  2 I´ / 3 k   =  2 x 2.1897 x 10^—18 / 3 x 1.38 x 110^--23=  105,780^o K

   An atom (a binary system). in every  (2.5 x 10⁶) multimolecules, gets ionized with an exterior fluid produced by its electron.  This fluid is equivalent to a high temperature  (T_i),  which value is given by the Boltzmann´s formula.   The pathogen microorganisms have a solid cover (glicoproteins) that protect them of the humidity of our organism, but not of the heat produced by the ionization.   In this is based the electrotherapy.   Our organism is not affected in a no  reversible way by this heat, because its humidity that dissipate the heat;  also the ionization effects of the electrotherapy are very well distributed in the space and in the time in all the organism

For a copper wire we have:                                                                                                                                            

(Cu)         I  =  0.008 Amps.       i  =  7.7  eV;     A  =  0.01  cm² ;                                                                              r  =  0.0000017;           I_e  =  5.04 x 10¹⁶ electrons / Sec.;                                                                                                    Energy of the potential of ionization:    

i  =  7.7 x 1.6 x 10^—19  =  1,232 x 10^—18  coulomb

L_m  =  (2 r₇) n_m  =  (2 x 1.17 x 10^—10) 2.5 x 10⁶  =  0.000585  m

Space advanced by the electron in one second:

L₁  =  L_m n_m / 70  =  0.000585 x 2.5 x 10⁶ / 70  =  20.893  m                                                                                      R  =  r L₁ / A  =  0.0000017 x 2089.3 / 0.01 =  0.35518  ohms / L₁                                                                                                  V  =  R I  =  0.35518 x 0.008  =  0.00284  volts / L₁                                                                                                      I_e  =  0.008 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸  =  5.04 x 10¹⁶  electrons / Sec.                                                                                                                                        

W_r =  R´I ²  =  0.35518 (0.008)²  =  0.00002273   joule / Sec.                                                                  W_i   =  I_e i  / 70  =  5.04 x 10¹⁶ x 1.232 x 10^—18/  70 =  0.0008870  joule / Sec.                                                            W_r / W_i  =  0.00002273 / 0.000887  =  0.02563                                                                                                                   i´ =  0.02563 i  =  0.02563 x 1.232 x 10^--18  =  3.1576 x 10^-20                                                                                             Wi  =  i_´ I_e  / 70=  3.1576 x 10^—20 x 5.04 x 10¹⁶ / 70=  0.00002273

T_i  =  2 i´ / 3 k   =  2 x 3.1576 x 10^—20 / (3 x 1.38 x 10^—23)  =  1,525^o  K

 In our organism  T_i  is bigger than in Cu and smaller tha in  Hg.   In  any book of chemistry there are tables that give the energy of ionization  (electron potential of ionization: i) of all the atomic elements;  but these tables are obtained with the elements at certain temperature, pressure, etc..   With some higher temperature some atoms of a sample get ionized without been produced a difference of electrical potential:   .To our model of electric current of multimolecules, also we can call:  model of electric current by ionization.  

                                                                                                            Monterrey, México; 1965

                                      August / 2003      

                                                                                                             November 2

If I were a protected investigator of a prestige university I would win a Nobel price of medicine by a work like this one.

Si fuera un protegido de una universidad de mucho prestigio ganaría el premio Nobel de medicina por un trabajo como este.

  MULTIMOPLECULES

A very much important value is that of the multimolecule.   Since a long time ago I  am aware of this; for obtain it had to consider several things.   For all people that had read my work, it is not necessary to explain what is a multimolecule.   In my investigation work of an electric current had to meditate in many facts.   In first  place concluded that a model of electric current as that of the free electrons was with too many deficiencies;  I have been commenting many times in other theories, here will not repeat them:   With respect to the resistance of the current, the practical experience for us is very much valuable and the first useful experience we can take for structure our model.   As the current  electrons do not get free so easy as is considered in the theory of the free electrons, we had to take in account that they moved along a chain of atoms, that we called  multimolecule.   This means that in all the conductors the current electrons move at the same velocity on their conductor wires, along the multimolecules;  some with less resistance  (good conductors), and other with more resistance.   Our first problem was to determine how move the current electrons in every one of the atoms of the multimolecule.   Based in many other phenomena, this solution was relative easy, as could be understand in the numerical problems.   Other problem was to determine how many atoms has a multimolecule.   Really this is not an easy problem.   Since the beginning we got the idea that each current electron jumps from an atom to the forward one of the multimolecule in some way, similar as an electron of a molecule.   How many jumps could make in this way, in order to move along the multimolecule?   To answer the fore question a logic and scientific way, is not easy for us;  so we studied it considering the behavior of some conductors:   For this we choose the mercury atom, that practically is the atom most resistant of all conductors, and with its liquid structure there is less risk that its resistance can be altered by irregular distribution of its atoms.   Some kind of atoms, as iron are more resistant to the flow of electrons, but they could be magnetized,  etc., etc.   Depending of the length and the cross section of a mercury conductor, can give to it any one resistance.   By first instance this does not affect us.   Here will be accepted the value given in a conventional way;  and from this value will determine an electric intensity that will be a balanced one;  that is, that will give:  W_r  =  W_i  (see the fore problem).   If the resistance  R  is reduced to its half,  its intensity  I  is duplicated,  and the energies  W_r  and  W_i get incremented in the same magnitude than  I.   In few words, the maximum variation could have the mercury conductor could not affect to the other conductors that are better ones.   For instance, in the fore numerical problems we had:  R_Hg  =  1,362.3  ohms;  R_Cu  =  24.1747.   We can give equal values to both conductors if:   L_Hg  =  142,204  cm.;      L_Cu´ =  1,342.3 L_Hg / 24.1747  =  59.8774 L_Hg  =  8,514,807  cm.

For instance, we have for  Hg:      L  =  100 m:      A  =  1 cm²;      I  =  120 Amps.;                               r  =  0.0000968;      i  =  10.4  eV.

R_Hg  =  r L / A  =  9.58 x 10^—5 x 10,000 / 1  =  0.958  ohms.           

i_k´ =  10.4 x 1.6 x 10^—19  =  1.664 x 10^—18  joule / atom        

I  =  120  Amps.;      I_e  =  120 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸  =  7.56 x 10²⁰  electrons / Sec               

W_r  =  R I²  =  0.958 x 120²  =  13,705  joule / Sec.  

W_i  =  i_k´I_e  =  1.664 x 10^—18 x 7.56 x 10²⁰  =  1,260  joule / Sec.     

W_r / W_i  =  13,795 / 1,260  =  10.95

If:  I´ =  120 / 10.95  =  10.96  Amps.  =  balanced intensity. 

W_r´ =  0.958 x 10.96²  =  115  joule. 

I_e´ =  10.96 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸  =  6.9048 x 10¹⁹  electrons / Sec.    

W_i´ =  1.664 x 10^—18 x 6.9048 x 10¹⁹  =  115  joules.

For a copper conductor we have:      A  =  1 cm².;      I  =  120 Amps.;      i  =  7.7 eV.;       

r  =  0.000001725.

We can have equal resistance than the  Hg  conductor if it is of a length:

L_Cu  =  r_Hg L_Hg / r_Cu  =  0.0000958 x 100 / 0.000001725  =  5,553.62  m.

R_Cu´ =  r_Cu L_Cu / A  =  0.000001725 x 555,362 /1.0  =  0.958  ohm.

For copper we have:      r  =  0.000001725;      i  =  7.7  eV.

Determination of:  n_m  =  quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule.

In the  Hg  conductor we have:  r  =  1.13763 x 10^—8  cm.;   2 r  =  2.2752 x 10^—8  cm.        

A  =  1.0 cm²  =  1.0 / /2 r)²  =  1.0 / (2.27526 x 10^—8)²  =  1.931692245 x 10¹⁵  atoms.     

I_e  =  6.3 x 10¹⁸ I´  =  6.3 z 10¹⁸ x 10.96  =  6.905 x 10¹⁹  =  quantity of current electrons that flow in one second.    

6.905 x 10¹⁹ t_j  =  6.905 x 10¹⁹ x 1.12 x 10^—11  =  7.733 x 10⁸  electrons / t_j.

1.9317 x 10¹⁵  =  quantity of multimolecules there are in a volume:  A n_m  of atoms.

-- - - - - -  -- - - - - - -  -- - - - -

Originally, when I made the model of the polygonal orbits, I considered that the magnetron of  m:  m  =  9.2754 x 10^—21 was an energy value;  afterward, I saw that could work as an energy if it was affected by a term:  Q, that is expressed in  (gr. / erg).   The formula, expressed in e,m, units of the magnetron of  Bohr, has an energy would be:  M  =  Q e h / 4 p m.   Here the term  (e / m) only gives a mathematical proportion, not a physical one…   I did not pay much attention to this problem because I was working in other problems of physics;  but now that I am studding the flux of the atomic particles have find many interpretations in the problem of the magnetron of  Bohr….   Because this,  I decided to search other energy that could explain the perpendicular deflection of the orbit of the electron.   With this modification will vary the time of jump  (t_j)  and the time of multimolecule  (t_m):   But this will not affect our theories, only will be some quantitative variations in some problems, that in the future, and without precipitation will be corrected.

 -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- -  

Considering that a current electron moves along a multimolecule in a time:  t_m  =  n_m t_j,  we have:

1.9317 x 10¹⁵  =  7.733 x 10⁸ n_m;

n_m  =  1.9317 x 10¹⁵ / 7.733 x 10⁸  =  2.498 x 10⁶  »  2.5 x 10⁶  atoms  =  number of atoms that has a multimolecule.   Also is very much important to point out that the fore number is equal to the quantity of atoms there are in the cross section of the conductor for each active atom in any given moment.          -                                                                                  

                                                                          Monterrey, México; September / 2003                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Manuel de Hoyos Robles            -   --)  

TWO HOLES EXPERIMENT

In the  XIX  century the undulated theory of light was imposed because with waves could explain many phenomena, that they could not do with a corpuscular theory.   In the  XX  century, also happened the same thing;  and also, afterward were found some phenomena they could not be explained by an undulated theory;  so they considered that matter  (corpuscles)  could be transformed in energy  (waves).   The partisan of the undulated theory considered that the experiment of the two holes proved that light is produced by waves.   They used two instruments, one that produces waves, and a slug gun.   They had two parallel walls;  one with two holes, and in front of it other in which they measure the intensity of the waves and of the slug particles.   In the opposite side are the instruments that produce the two mentioned effects.   When only one hole is opened in the middle , and the experiment is made with both instruments, the maximum intensity is appreciated similar in the testing wall, as could be seen with a symmetric curve with one maximum values.   When both holes are opened                                                                                                                        

   THE RETURN DISTANCE (NO GROWING OF ENTR0PY)

Since the epoch of Newton, Coulomb, etc. the fields of forces have got a fundamental importance ; nevertheless if it is considered the infinite time of existence of the Universe, in this time all the fields of the Universe would be exhausted because the bodies that produce them would not be able to continue producing the microatomic particles that form such fields, but this is not so, because the particles that produce such fields, when they are expelled, recede from such bodies at light velocity, move during millions of years and after that time they return to the place were they were emitted, to this process we call return distance in such way that the fields never get exhausted ; to these fields we call mechanized fields for to differentiate of the structured ones that were accepted since the Newton’s epoch, and in which there were not considered as of corpuscular nature. With the mechanized fields of mechanophysics these problems are solved. Mechanized fields are formed by ultramicroscopic particles emitted at light velocity by the bodies that form such fields in all directions, when these field particles reach another body they act in this one, making the body to acts in accordance with the kind of field is considered, and as there is reciprocity between causes and effects, the second body affects to the first one in a similar way. As can be appreciated the mechanized fields by far are more simple than the structured ones. The first step of structure of the mechanized field has been given.

In the infinite time of existence of the Universe all the bodies producer of mechanized fields would be exhausted of their field fluids they emit, unless we consider other property of such fluids that we call: return distance, this return distance can vary in considerable magnitudes of time and distance in accordance with many facts; when a cycle of return distance is effectuated the fluid that original was emitted return toward the emitter body and is “recuperated”.   Not all the corpuscles or particles emitted by a body return to the place they were emitted, because are absorbed by other celestial bodies.   This, and other celestial bodies also emit particles that are absorbed by the first mentioned body.    The second step of the mechanized fields has been made, that is, of no exhausted fields and with this solution is obtained other solution of a problem that have been of preponderant importance since the Boltzmann’s epoch, that is, the growing of entropy. It has been considered that the energy moves always from a higher level toward a lower one. In some way this is a simple criterion that with the mechanophysics is seen in a more subtle way, in accordance with this all particles (entropy particles) of the Universe always had have a determined energy that remain in them in the infinite time in the past and in the future, this energy acts in such particles in accordance with many facts in any determined process and in accordance with one of the fore mentioned facts the particle lose energy, but in accordance with other not evident facts the particle win energy (law of conservation of energy) in such way that all the particles of the Universe have not lost nor win energy in the infinite time of their existence in the Universe; forward it is going to see a subtle case, in this (returning distance) there is not the problem given by the growing of entropy, because the energy (in form of mechanized fields) that is emitted away in all directions, because the returning effect return to the opposite way (maybe in millions years).

There is a fundamental difference between the structured fields and the mechanized ones. It is considered that the first ones have an innate existence and that a body is affected by them in proportion to the magnitude of the physical body properties. The mechanized fields can not have an existence if there not exist the interacting bodies, this means that this bodies are the producer of such fields, sc the theory of the mechanized fields is very much simplified. How many mechanized fields we can have? We can answer the fore question if we observe all kinds of radiation that can emits a body in different circumstances: a gravity field, an electromagnetic field,, a light field, etc. With the mechanized fields we return the acceptance of the Newton’s law of gravity attraction. That was considered was not true because they fail in the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and in the deflection of a light ray moving tangential and near of a heavy celestial body as the Sun? I am not in accordance with the fore trace because in it was not considered that the gravity velocity was incremented (aberrated) by the velocity of the affected or receptive bodies: (Mercury planet and the light corpuscles mentioned); the effect that produces the fore increment of receiving gravity velocity is proportional to the square of such increment. The structured fields depart from the amplitude of the Universe affecting to the interacting bodies: the mechanized fields depart from the interacting bodies affecting the space of the Universe in which they interact.

The problem of the red shift can be explained with a numerical example and at the same time will be given a logical explanation of what has been interpreted as the expansion of the Universe given by modern physics. It has been observed that while farther recede a celestial body, its light radiation (gamma,.....radio radiation) move toward the red frequency, this is considering the constancy of light velocity, about this model (expansion Universe) there are some contradictory points we are not going to mention because the lack of space. In mechanophysics are considered the light radiation formed by material corpuscles (corpuscular nature). A light ray is formed by a straight line of light corpuscles spaced one from each other at equidistant we call: corpuscular distance (wave length in the undulate theory of light). In our model of mechanophysics the frequency of radiation is given by the corpuscular distance, and for distant celestial bodies diminishes not because the corpuscular distance grows, but because the light velocity diminishes due to the action of the remanent gravity (as we will see forward) that acts at equal intervals of time we call: braking time in each corpuscle of the ray of light At the present time the advance of the technology permit us to measure the velocity of light affected by the mentioned braking effect, who does this must not be influenced with the idea that light velocity is a constant value..

With respect to the action of remanent gravity in the light radiation’s we can make more than one model with a structure criterion. Of them and with a fundamentalist criterion we will choose one on which is considered that the electrons that emit the light are not affected by gravity, only their “corresponding” proton in the nucleus of the atom. Each corpuscle of a ray of light emitted, has a quantity of remanent gravity (nugravity) enough to acts at each time of brake during all the returning distance trajectory in such a way that the ray of light emitted by the electron in a given point of space, return to the same point after millions years, as could be appreciated by the numerical example will be given forward.   In other themes, forward will be seen that particles with inherent energy can multiply this effect, with multiple interchanges of this energy.  Here the kinetic energy produced by the remanent gravity is double than the kinetic energy with which the light corpuscle was emitted; this in accordance with the entropy particles of mechanophysics that consider that all the particles of the Universe have a fixed energy that is not lost nor win in any process we consider In accordance with our model the corpuscles of light are integrated with the nugravity in the surface of the “corresponding” proton with the quantity of nugravity in each corpuscle, enough to act producing the braking effect during all the returning time, with a force can be determined with the law of Newton acting in a corpuscle placed in the surface of the proton, by the proton exclusively. If the rays of the light are produced by atomic particles that are in a heavy celestial body, the remanent gravity in each light corpuscle will grow, so is required to sum the remanent gravity of the proton (nugravity) plus the remanent gravity produced by the heavy celestial body (astrogravity) all these in such way that the return distance trajectory will be smaller than that produced by a body (in vacuum space) emitted with a velocity little bad smaller than that of escape velocity as would be in the case of a celestial body with a mass that approximates to that of a black hole.

An emitted corpuscle of light will return to the point it was emitted due to the return effect produced by the nugravity, the force produced by nugravity, in accordance with our model is:

F_p = G M m / r² = 6.673 x 10^{-- 11} x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} /(1.7142951 x 10^{-- 14})²  =

5.5915227 x 10^{-- 60} Kg m / Sec²                

G = 6.673 x 10^{-- 11} m³ / Kg Sec². = constant of universal gravitation.      

M = mass of proton (Kg)         

m = mass of a corpuscle (Kg)  

r = radius of the proton (m)      

0.5 m c² = 0.5 x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} (3 x 10⁸)²  =  6.62562 x 10^{-- 34} joule  =  1 quantum of energy

As the positive particle of the binary system is affected directly by the remanent gravity  (nugravity), we suspect that the electrons are not affected directly by the gravity.  The time required for the corpuscle affected by the remanent gravity to return due to the corresponding force F would be:

2 t_p  =  2 m c / F_p = 2 x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} x 3 x 10⁸ / 5.5915227 x 10^{-- 60} = 1.57992 x 10¹⁸ Sec.     

In accordance with the theories of expanding Universe, they consider that at a distance equal to:

4 x 10¹⁰  to  6 x 10¹⁰ light years there are galaxies that recede to a velocity equal to that of light

5 x 10¹⁰ x 31,557,600  =  1.57788 x 10¹⁸ Sec. = 2 t_p         

31,557,600 Sec. = 1 year.         

About the return distance in a black hole it could be from a limited distance to practically zero distance, so the light corpuscles do not escape from it. In accordance with the concept of continuous action, if an electron emits (n) corpuscles (as those of light) they get light velocity with a kinetic energy equal to n h (n quantum) and the electron gets a kinetic energy equal to the fore one, but in the opposite way (action = reaction). In accordance with this and with mechanophysics explained the theory of the polygonal orbits of the orbital electrons around the nucleus of the atom. In each vertex of the polygonal orbit of an orbital electron are acting (n) light corpuscles that deflect the trajectory of the electron in order to follow its corresponding polygonal orbit. If no spectrums are seen of the acting light corpuscles;: How can be explained the action of them? If we consider that in each vertex of the polygonal orbit the return distance of the corpuscles is equal to the diameter of the electron, when they move from the interior face to the exterior one of the electron, they do not escape from this last face, but begin their return trajectory, from zero velocity to c velocity, toward the interior face of the electron and from here they escape toward the interior face of the positive particle (see binary systems, theme : Hydrogenated Model of Atom).

                                                                                       Monterrey, Mexico, August 12, 1996

      HYDROGENIZED MODEL OF ATOM

In the fore theme of Return Distance was simplified in a great deal the concept of fields, because they were considered in their structure, not as something characteristic of all the space of the Universe, but only characteristic of a limited space of the mentioned Universe, corresponding to the interacting bodies (or particles), in such limited space.

Now that we are working in the electrotherapy have had all kind of problems, from that produced by impertinent persons, to technical ones, because this we developed a very much satisfactory model of electric current, but this was not enough, due some persons are too much skeptic. We are not skeptics, but too much exigent with our work, so we began to work trying to make a model of atom that fulfill a series of required conditions, with much more success than that we expected. In doing this I remember a good friend of mine, that since I began to work with mechanophysics, he was very much cooperative with me, encouraging and stimulating my work, all this in spite he was supporter of modern physics, I refer to Dr. Rodolfo Castillo Bahena, he was director and professor of the Physics Department in the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey: his indications, commentaries, and critics were very much useful, I remember in one occasion he commented me that in order that the mechanophysics could be accepted, it would be necessary to give a model of atom with certain characteristics. Because then I had many ideas in my head, I considered this as a simple conversation, but now I consider it as a prophesy (now also have many ideas, but try to be more organized).

With the structure of the atoms it is possible to make a great simplification, and we believe that with this it is possible to make great progress in this field. Till now it has been considered the nucleus of an atom formed by a determined quantity of protons and neutrons, making a unitary structure, affecting in this way to all the orbital electrons, and viceversa. With this criterion have been given different models of nuclei affected with many complexities and deficiencies. Here will be given a model by far more simple that will simplify its investigation and understanding; in this model will be considered that each orbital electron is only affected in a direct way by its corresponding proton and neutron; to this structure we will call: binary system. The intervention of a binary system in the other ones of the atoms will be minimum in all the normal conditions and only could be appreciated in an evident way in phenomena of radioactivity or half life of atoms; in which is manifested the interference of a binary system with another one. With respect to the spectrums produced by the excited atoms, they could be explained by indirect or secondary interaction of a binary system with other ones.

The medullar point of a binary system is that the electron and the positive particle work in a synchronized way emitting jn an interior way their propeller fluids every time of vertex, but this is because other effects also are synchronized; a car can move because has a motor, but its movement is not arbitrary, but in accordance with a driver that controls it, next are going to see some facts that contribute in the control of the behavior of the binary systems. In order that a binary system is not affected by other (s) one and vice-versa, as was say, it will be considered that in a general way,  either  the electrons, as the protons of each binary system, have a determined side or face were their propeller fluids are emitted, in the corresponding side are received and absorbed the microcorpuscles of the electric fields that excite the atomic particles (their propeller fluids); the amplitude of this side permits a small tolerance given by a small solid angle, in such way that can exist variations (in the orbital electrons) in the spectral lines (s, p, d, f). If the atomic particles (electron or proton) receive the microcorpuscles of the electric field in a different side than the fore mentioned, the microcorpuscles are not absorbed, not exciting the atomic particle. Another property of the microcorpuscles of the electric fields, in our model of binary system is that they have a return distance equal to the distance that there is between the orbital electron and the nuclear proton (or positive particle), of the binary system. Continue with the required conditions, will be considered that the electric fields formed by emitted microcorpuscles, are not formed in an immediate way, but in a progressive one, from a null (maybe small) intensity to its maximum value; the variation of intensity of the electric fields emitted by the orbital electron and the positive particle coincide with the angular rotation or spin, that is manifested in each vertex of their polygonal orbits, here the intensity is null (or small) when the deflection start, and gets the maximum and final value when the deflection finish, When the charged (-) particle has turned an angle of 360^o. In accordance with the binary system, as will be appreciated with the numerical example will be given later.. Let see a binary system formed with an orbital electron as negative particle, and a proton as a positive one. The orbital electron is excited in each vertex (with a deflection angle = a) of its orbit.

The positive particle (proton) is excited in each vertex by a fields. Although the fields act fast in the vertices of the orbits, and with the same magnitude in the positive particles as in the negative particles, this does not mean that the positive particle get equal quantity of charge than the negative one, If the positive particle got its charge in one instant.  In the binary system the orbital electron and the corresponding proton, always have their corresponding side of absorbing microcorpuscle of the electric fields in front one from each other, this because in this way are oriented the particles in the binary system.  A binary system in the hydrogen atom is formed by one orbital electron and one nuclear proton; in a deuteron atom the binary system is formed by one orbital electron and one positive particle formed with one proton + one neutron; in the triton atom by one orbital electron and a positive particle; formed by one proton and two neutrons. From the point of view of the mass of the positive particle, there are three types of binary systems, as just have seen. From the point of view of the orbital electrons moving in any one of the 7 shells of the atom, obviously there are 7 types of binary systems. In the fore cases the negative particle (orbital electron) has the same mass. In the way can be supposed how is formed the positive particle can be imagined one sphere (the proton) two or three spheres are fusion, forming one bigger sphere,

In previous investigation works in mechanophysics, and based in some experimental data, and considering that all the elementary particles have the same density, we obtained that the radius of the electron is:  r_e = 1.4 x 10^{-- 13} cm and of the proton: r_p = 1.7 x 10^{-- 12} cm. About the nucleus of an atom, there are many objections, for instance, if we consider the nucleus of hydrogen atom as a proton or as a nushell (see forward), will be a great difference of density. In the value of: r₇ =       1.1376 x 10^{-- 8} cm. = radius of the 7 orbit = radius of the atom, we can confide more because the Avogadro’s number, also in the mass of electron: m_e = 9.1091 x 10^{-- 28} gr. and the mass of proton: m_p = 1.6725 x 10^{-- 24} gr., because the fields effects. Some one could object that can not confide in the binary systems, but if with two complete different ways can arrive to the same results, the fore objection is demerit.

We can continue without impediment, so for a heavy atom as gold: Au, for example: Z = 79; A = 197, we can imagine a structure formed by 79 binary systems, of them 39 have the positive particle formed with one proton + one neutron; and 39 formed with one proton + two neutrons. in the 7 shell (?)  2 with one proton: 39 x 3 + 39 x 2 + 2 x 1 = 197.

In accordance with the characteristics of a binary system, the orbital electron and the positive particle spin around the center of the nucleus of atom in a synchronized way, the orbital electron at a distance equal to the radius of the shell; the positive particle to the fore distance divided by      1836 / 4 = 459;      . 459 m_e  =  m₁₊ / 4. The positive particle could be triple mass = 1 proton + 2 neutrons, double mass = 1proton + 1 neutron; single mass = 1 proton. Although we are ignorant of chemistry knowledge, also we believe in the future could be determined different chemical affinities in function of the mass of the positive particles of the binary systems of the seven shell . Both particles (+ -) describe their corresponding polygonal orbit of a similar shape, around the center of the nucleus, but of course of different radius of gyration, so that it is considered that the orbital electrons move in shells, the positive particles will move in çnushells (forming the nucleus of the atom). The size of the nushells, by far are smaller that their corresponding shells, also the size of the orbital electron compared with that of the positive particles, in the first or most interior nushell hardly is space for two moving positive particles, so it can be explained why in the first shell only can spin two orbital electrons. In Fig.(1), second orbit, with O is represented the center of the nucleus of the atom, that also is the center of gyration of the binary system; P_N is the positive particle; E the orbital electron; r_N the radius of gyration of the positive particle; R_n the radius of gyration of the negative particle (orbital electron)

When the orbital electron moves in the: n = 7 shell (most external shell);                                     

 R_n  =  R₇  = 1.1376 x 10^—8  cm  =  radius of the atom.

The radius of gyration of the positive particle:     

r_N   =  r₇   =  4 R_n / 1,836  =  4 R₇ / 1,836  =  4 x 1.1376 x 10^—8 / 1,836  =  2.484 x 10^—11  cm =  radius of the nucleus  (nushell)

For: n = 1 orbit :r₁  =  2.484 x 10^—11 / 7  =  3.5486 x 10^{-- 12} cm.(*about two radiuses of proton, (see Fig. 4)

The electron E moves in a polygonal orbit, for correlated reasons the proton P_N moves in a

synchronized way in another polygonal orbit, smaller than that of E. For the orbital electron to deflect in a vertex of its orbit (7) it is required an energy to produce the velocity of deflection v_{_l_7} (see Fig.2)

v_{_l_7} = 2 x 309 Sin 6^o 43 = 69.1 Km./ Sec.   (7^a orbit);      6º.43 x 28  =  180^o

The energy of deflection of the electron is:                                                                                                                  E₇  =  0.5 m_e v_{_l_7}²   =   0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 28} (6.91 x 10⁶ )²  =  2.175 x 10^{-- 14} erg.

In a vertex of the 7 polygonal orbit is formed a field affecting the orbital electron of the binary system and other similar one affecting the positive particle  (this in accordance with a model).

Considering the length of each side of the polygonal orbit: d = 2.55 x 10^{-- 9} cm, and also considering in Fig.(2) there is a proportion between velocities and distances, is obtained the deflection distance:

d_{_l_7}  =  69.1 d / 308 = 69.1 x 2.55 x 10^{-- 9} / 308.6 = 5.73 x 10^{-- 10} cm.      

Next is going to see a binary system corresponding to the 2 orbit. From Fig.(3), corresponding to two sides of the second orbit, is obtained the deflection velocity: v_{_l_2}  =  826.58 Km./ Sec. The deflected distance: d_{_l_2} -= 1.96 x 10^{-- 9} cm. = 2.55 x 10^{-- 9} x 2 Sin 22^o.5

The energy of deflection is:           

E₂  =  0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 28} (8.2658 x 10⁷)² = 3.112 x 10^{-- 12} erg.

In Fig.(4) is represented the orbit of a positive particle in the first nushell, from this can be deduced that in the first shell can move as much as two binary systems. Next are given some relations in which are harmonized geometrical and kinetic conditions.

v_{_l_n}  =  2 v_n Sin(45^o / n)   . . . .   ( c)                     Monterrey, México, September 10, 1996 .       

   SUPERFLUID HELIUM 3

In a newspaper dated October 10, 1996, I read that 3 Americans: David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson won the Nobel Prize of Physics 1996, because their discovery of the fluidity of helium 3, a progress in the low temperature physics that was realized at the beginning of the decade 1970 in the University of Cornell in New York. In accordance with the data of the news paper they discovered that the helium 3 can became superfluid at a temperature of 0^o.002 K.

With respect to the report of the newspaper, I do not know if the names of the Nobel Prize winners are correct, what is wrong is datum of temperature, because the so called lambda temperature is 2^o.2 K.   In the lambda point the helium pass from the gaseous state to the liquid one, as seen with the helium 3. In He4 the two binary systems are equilibrated; for this reason the helium 4 evaporates toward the upper atmosphere in form of separated atoms, this is because the helium is lighter than the air. In the helium 3, the 2 binary systems are different. The helium in liquid state, because its viscosity, does not evaporate, and a multimolecule, because its relative great mass, behaves as a liquid; it does not evaporate, but as is lighter than air tries to climb up the wall of the recipient that contain it, this because its adhesive property characteristic of a liquid state is stronger than the tendency to evaporate toward the upper atmosphere.

In our theme:  Model of Electric Current, was obtained the electric currents, that move along multimolecules, each one formed by a line of atoms, forming a chain with: n = 2,497,996 atoms / multimolecule. In a transversal section of a conductor, behind each atom of the section could be formed the multimolecules were the current’s electrons move from the lower potential toward the higher one of the conductor. In our case of current, in every one of the multimolecules is moving one current’s electron, as was specified in the mentioned theme; can be considered that not all the multimolecules required by the current in a given time are working at the same time with a moving electron of the current, but only one in (n) of the mentioned multimolecules, and we say this, because it is considered that for a multimolecule to work, it is required that the orbit of the current’s electron behaves as was specified with the spin velocity, the time of jump and of multimolecule given, etc. With this criterion, as could be appreciated, the most logical seems the maximum simplification. In an atom of helium 4 there are two binary systems formed each one with a negative particle with one orbital electron and a positive particle with one proton + one neutron; if both binary systems move in opposite sides, the helium 4 will have equal spin. Now it is going to see an atom of helium 3, in this case, one binary system is formed by a negative particle with one orbital electron and one positive particle with one proton + one neutron; and the other binary system is formed by a negative particle with one orbital electron, and one positive particle with one proton.

Every binary system spin in a synchronized way, for to attain this the orbit of the shell must be similar (equal number of sides and vertices) than the orbit of the nushell, the only difference will be the dimension of them; the dimension of the shell must be proportional to the velocity of the orbital electron and the dimension of the nushell must be proportional to the velocity of the positive particle. As the positive particle can be formed with three different masses, that is: one orbital proton (single mass); one orbital proton + one neutron (double mass), and one orbital proton + two neutrons (triple mass). When a sample of an element almost get 0^o K   temperature could be imagined that all the movement ceases to act, this could mean that the binary systems would stop moving, this, because at 0^o K the atoms are destroyed, but this is not so, in contradiction with the theory that considers that heat is produced by the kinetic energy of the atomic particles. At practically 0^o K temperature, the binary systems continue moving into the atoms as have been specified in the models and maybe because this have never reached a real 0^o K temperature. In a binary system the negative particle or electron has the maximum energy that oppose to reach the 0^o K temperature, as was say, but also the positive particle contribute to this.

The fore conclusions that have been given from a point of view of deduction by observation, can explain the difficulties for to obtain the mentioned temperature. T^o K  be in accordance with the experimental results, it is going to be considered that the no null temperature effect is produced by the kinetic energy and the electric charge of the orbital electron and proton. The electric charge is equivalent to a kinetic energy and viceversa, the kinetic energy is equivalent to an electric charge; all this in accordance with the structured model we will give. As the neutrons have no electric charge, they do not contribute to produce the no null temperature effect.

No null temperature effect produced by the negative particle of a binary system in accordance with our model:

K_e  =  4 x 0.5 m_e v_e² = 4 x 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 31} (3.09 x 10⁵)² = 1.7395 x 10^{-- 19} joule.

Idem. for the positive particle v₊ = 4 x 308570 / 1836 = 672.27 m / Sec.:

K₊ = 0.5 m₊ v₊² = 0.5 x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} (672.27)² = 3.7794 x 10^{-- 22} joule ; so:

K_e = 459 K₊

From the book: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, by Abraham Pais, are the following paragraphs:

In December 1924 Einstein wrote to Ehrenfest from  a certain temperature on the molecules “condense” without attractive forces, that is, they accumulate at zero velocity. Until 1938, the Bose-Einstein condensation had the reputation of having only a purely imaginary character. This phase transition was not discovered until 1928 by Willem Hendrik Keesib. In 1938 Flitz London proposed interpreting the helium transition as a Bose-Einstein condensation. Experimentally, the transition point lies at: T = 2^o 19 K. In accordance with their theory: T = 3^o.1 K. It is generally believed, but not proved that the difference between this two values is due to the neglecting of intermolecular forces in the theoretical derivation.

The concept of temperature is related with that of movement, in such way that some physicists consider that at zero Kelvin temperature all kind of movement ceases to act; this definition is ambiguous, because at that temperature the orbital electrons move with their great velocity around the nuclei of the atoms. We can imagine a macroscopic body moving at great velocity in the outer space at temperature almost zero degree Kelvin. From the most elementary particles, as the light corpuscles, to the atoms or molecules, can move at great velocity at zero Kelvin temperature while they are not affected directly by other particles, or by themselves. In all these cases the particles have a potential energy that is manifested when there is an intersection with them and the medium in which they move, this interaction could be by absorption, reflection, collision, etc.

In the XIX century the physicists believed that all the laws of physics were known and that progress of the science will be obtained by more detailed knowledge; with the discovery of the atomic particles and with modern physics the fore concept had a radical change, in such a way that the physics’ world was considered too complex. Now with mechanophysics we are returning to the concepts that the physicists had of classic physics before modern physics born; nevertheless it is not prudent to be too optimist, because if it is seen with ampler criterion the fields in which physics acts or intervene,  can be applied in chemistry, in biology, etc.

As the objective of a mechanophysics is to find true facts with true and objective theories or laws, in all these papers have been proved that this is feasible and that it is not required to employ theories with false structure, as those of modern physics, for to find real facts. From the mentioned book of Abraham Pais is the following paragraph.

Physicists -good physicists- enjoy scientific speculations in private but tends to frown upon it when done in public. They are conservative revolutionaries resisting innovations as long as possible and at all intellectual cost, but embracing it when the evidence is incontrovertible. If they do not, physics tends to pass them by.

I would amplify the fore paragraph by saying: that ,more important than the conservative spirit, are the resulting facts obtained by the recognition of the new ideas. In our case is more important the life of the sick people (see electrotherapy) than the conservative spirit of modern physics.

It was say that at a temperature near 0^o K a binary system of an atom can moves without incrementing such temperature; if the fore happens with the orbital electron of one atom, also could happens with a multimolecule. Till now have been considered the multimolecules for to explain the movement of the current´s electrons, later will be seen that the sound can move along them. From all say before it is not find any trouble for the electron of the multimolecule to move along this, without affecting the near 0^o K temperature. It is well known that when the temperature diminishes, the gaseous substances try to became to a liquid state and the liquid substances try to became solid substances; the fore one only could be explained considering that the multimolecules of the substance try to unite one to each other, and for to do this, the nultimolecule electron of one multimolecule will jump to the adjacent multimolecule, and for to do this it is forceful to be produced an ionization effect. This means that if by one side, with the fore effect at the same time will be produce an increment of the temperature. The ionization of helium is 24.6 eV.

Energy of ionization: K = 24.6 x 1.6 x 10^—19  =  3.936 x 10^{-- 18} joule / atom.

The fore energy is equivalent to a temperature, in accordance with  Boltzmann´s law is:

T  =  2K / 3k  =  2 x 3.936 x 10^{-- 18} / 3 x 1.38 x 10^—23  =  190,145^o K.

Apparently the fore result is in contradiction with what is say in the theme:  The Maximum Temperature Could Exist;  that consider this temperature is equal to:  T₁  =  102,656º  K.   But there is not any contradiction, because:  K  =  2.1245 x 10^—18 + 1.8105 x 10^—18.   Here the first value is employed in ionize one electron;  and the second value is the opposition of the second electron to the ionization of the first one.

The fore mentioned ionization, affecting the ionized atom gives a great temperature, that afterward is distributed in all the atoms of the sample. The minimum part of the sample in which are produced all the fore mentioned effects is in a cube which volume is: n_m³ (isometric distribution of atoms): n_m  = 2,497,996 atoms = number of atoms that has a multimolecule. In the fore volume there are as much multimolecules as: n_m² . Next it is going to be made some considerations: although almost all the mass of an atom correspond to the positive particles of the binary system; from the point of view of kinetic energy these particles, in the sample will produce the increment of heat; because the fore increment is produced by vibration, or collision, or impact with other particles, then, because action = reaction, in the formula: K_e = 459 K₊ , will be consider a double mass of the positive particles of the binary systems of the atoms acting (getting ionized) in                n_m multimolecules, or: (459 x 2)^0.5 = 918^0.5 atoms acting in n_m multimolecules.

T = 190,145 x 918^0.5 / 2,497,996 = 2^o.306 K

With the fore increment of temperature of the sample, the ionization effect ceases till the temperature diminishes the following value: (30 - 1) 2.306 / 30 = 2^o.22 K

+ - 1 minimum variation of one atom for produce ionization or / and decrement of temperature.

Monterrey, México, October 15, 1996;  March 28, 1998               

        BINARY SYSTEMS WITH POSITIVE PARTICLES HEAVIER THAN ONE PROTON.

In all the problems of mechanophysics dealing with atoms have been considered them with a radius equal to: r₇ = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 8} cm. In many cases this does not affect our final result, because there are some compensate effects, in such way that if some values grow because the approximate data, others diminish by the same reason and when act simultaneously there is a reduction of errors instead of a sum or accumulation of them. But not always happens so, it has been observed that not all the atoms have the same diameter. In some cases it could be explained this variation considering that the diameter of the atoms grow due to the increment of temperature; could be other increments or decrements of the diameter of the atoms due to other effects, for instance if they are compressed, if they combine with other atoms in a chemical way, etc., but all these variations are not due to the structure of the binary systems, but to different physical ,chemical, geometrical distribution of the atoms, etc., and they do not contribute in a really evident way in the variation of the diameter of the atoms in our everyday normal conditions; of course, at very high temperatures and pression, the structure of the atoms is affected.

Considering the structure of the atoms as a sphere has been employed a method for to determine the diameter of the atoms (see book: Chemistry by Michell D. Sienko and Robert A. Plane; Cornell University teachers), for instance: if there is a sample of atoms with a unitary volume, and it is known the atomic mass of each atom, it would be easy to determine the volume occupied by each atom, knowing the weight of the sample. But we can not confide in this method because in the sample the atoms can be distributed in different ways, by different circumstances, and this could give us different densities; all this, if it is considered the atoms occupying fixed spheres; but imagine hydrogen atoms, with only one orbital electron each one; from a mathematical point of view the effective volume of a hydrogen atom is as a disc with a diameter equal to: 2 r₇ and in the volume of a sphere with the fore diameter there is space for many discs, as the fore mentioned.

Due to the fore indeterminations, it would not be easy to determine how much press it is required to give to gaseous sample for to determine the real dimension of the atoms of the sample. The more trust way to find the real volume of the atom would be by a more direct way and this is not so easy problem as the fore mentioned method. In our model made in accordance with mechanophysics have been made some special considerations for to simplify some explanations, as for example: to consider an isometric distribution of the atoms, a radius of the seven shell: r₇ = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m, that the atoms of a multimolecule are aligned in a straight line, that the 7 orbit of one electron of an atom does not penetrate in the seventh shell of an adjacent atom, in a given moment and circumstance; that the velocities of the orbital electrons have fixed values, etc. Because all these divergence have been tried to make models in such way to obtain compensate effects and at the same time to orient the theory for to obtain ,more precise models with data more fondness with reality. In this theme will not be given a direct method to determine the real diameter of an atom in the practice, here will limit to determine it in a theoretical way, and in this way will be considered such diameter determined by the dimension of the binary systems of the seventh shell; when the binary system was formed by one proton as positive particle, it was considered the diameter: 2r₇  =  2 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m. But if the positive particle is formed by a proton + one or two neutrons, the fore value would not be exact as will be seen forward.

For to analyze the problem of a binary system, forward is seen with a positive particle with one proton and two neutrons. First will be seen the binary system with a positive particle formed with one proton, in this binary system, its orbital electron has a translation velocity equal to: v₇ = 308,571 m / Sec. and the positive particle has its translation velocity equal to: v₇’ =                          4 x 308,571 / 1836  =  672.268 m / Sec. and a radius of gyration:  r₊₇  =  4 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} / 1836 = 2.4785 x 10^{-- 13} m.

The kinetic energy of the orbital electron is:

K_e  =  0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 31} x 308,571²  =  4.3367 x 10^—20  joule

The kinetic energy of the positive particle:

K₊  =  0.5 x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 672.268²  =  3.77938 x 10^—22  joule.

Now let see from a geometrical point of view a binary system with a positive particle formed with: 1 proton + 2 neutrons. If it is considered  a gyration axis as the fore seen binary system, then the orbit of the electron will grow:          r_e7’ =  (3)^1/3 r_e7  =  1.4422495 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m  =  1.6407463 x 10^{-- 10} m its velocity: v_e7’           

1.44225 x 308,571 = 445,036 m / Sec.                                                                                                                     

  Its kinetic energy: K_e´  =  0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 31} x 445,036²  =  9.0206422 x 10^—20  joule.              

Incremented axial or radial velocity of the orbital electron: v_{_l_} =  69,098 x 3^1/3 = 99,657 m / Sec.

In accordance with our model the velocity of the positive particle will grow:

v₇‘  =  1.4422 x 672.26  =  969.5 m / Sec;                                                                                                              

r₊₇‘  =  1.4422 x 2.4785 x 10^—13  =  3.5744 x 10^{-- 13} m                                                                                   

    Its kinetic energy:  K₊  =  0.5 x 3 x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 969.5²  =  2.36 x 10^{-- 21} joule

For a binary system formed with a positive particle with one proton + one neutron, the radius of gyration of the orbital electron is:

r_e7’ = (2)^1/3 r₇ = 1.26 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} = 1.4334 x 10^{-- 10} m                                                                                  

 v_e7’ = 1.26 x 308,571 = 388,800 m / Sec. The radius of the positive particle: r₊‘ = 1.26 x 2.4785 x 10^{-- 13} = 3.123 x 10^{-- 13} m.

Monterrey, México, December 10, 1997

Manuel de Hoyos Robles

INTERPRETATION OF THE EXPERIMENT OF MICHELSON AND MORLEY WITH THE ABERRALOGY

The following papers were take from a book I made in 1972 of the investigation work of my father Estanislao R de Hoyos, in the aberralogy and in an objective physics, since before the second world war. Practically all the work is presented as he conceived it, except some commentaries and amplifications I made to actualize it in the mentioned year 1972 Before interpreting the results of this experiment, it is going to be given an explanation of such experiment. From the book: La Teoria de la Relatividad by Alfred Wulf, Tacubaya, México, 1924, is the following translation:

In Fig.(32), where details have been omitted to simplify the understanding, is shown the interferometer of the physicist of the University of Chicago, Michelson. It consist of two fixed arms, perpendicular one to each other, with the same length and with the mirrors E₁ and E₂ in their extremities. In the crossing of both arms there is a semitransparent mirror W, inclined an angle of 45^o, that lets pass part of the light that proceeds from the luminous point L, and the other part of this light is reflected. So that there are obtained two rays that propagate perpendicularly one to each other toward the mirrors E₁ and E₂ were they are reflected, returning to W, from here they continue united as far as the telescope of observation T. As the  Earth’s movement has different influence in both rays the light need different times, according with the classic theory, to move over the equal paths WE₁ and WE₂. Due to this, it is necessary to prove that the returning rays suffer in W the reciprocal effect known as interference The telescope T is to observe the interference stripes produced by both rays. All the instrument is installed so that it could be turned around, that is ,either the arm WE₁ or the arm WE₂ could be oriented in the direction of the Earth’s movement. If the instrument is turned around 90 ^o, so that WE₂ be in the direction mentioned before, it could be expected that the same interference stripes appear as they looked in the direction WE₁, having as only difference their movement to the opposite side, but being their displacement equal to those due to the position WE₁. This instrument was perfected by Michelson by continuous reforms, until obtaining an instrument of precision with a usefulness without precedent till now; thanks to it, it is possible to obtain a precision of one hundredth of the effect calculated in advance, but as was explained before, the experiment has given negative results, because the instrument did not show the influence of the Earth’s movement....

The interpretation of this experiment by the aberralogy can be resumed to the following: Since the observer and the luminous fountain are in the same system (the Earth), both are affected by the same movements, velocities, magnitudes, etc., that the Earth imposes on both, in the same magnitude, so that the observer can not notice any movement of the Earth by observing the luminous focus, he needs to observe another body outside the system; although the problem is too clear, it is going to be subdivided in all the parts that are necessary to study them, with the aberralogy; this, beside a more complete proof, will show us that the experiment is only a combination of cases of aberralogy and not a different phenomenon, as it has been interpreted.

Suppose an observer expecting to appreciate the movement of the Earth with the Michelson & Morley’s experiment; when obtaining negative results, was not satisfied with this, and tried to find the “error” running over the trajectory of the light, observing space by space. Starting from the luminous point L, will arrive to W, from this point he will observe the light coming from L, in this case the body L is approaching with velocity v’, to the observer in W, simultaneously, the observer recedes from W with velocity: v = v’, because both velocities are equal to the velocity of the Earth, the formula which will give the aberrated time due to the movement of the Earth is:

t_r  =  t_a (1 - v / c) / (1 - v’ / c)  =  t_a . . . . (2,3)

from here it is deduced that the movement of the Earth does not modify the time that the light expends to run over this space.

Now the observer has moved to E₁, and from here he will see the light coming from W (in this case W will represent the luminous point); this case is exactly equal to the fore one (space LW) and the  movement of the Earth will not affect the time that light spends to run over this other space, as it would be appreciated by any observer that would be displacing in the same system.

If the observer now returns to W, following the route as the ray of light mentioned did, he will see the light reflected from the mirror in E₁ arriving to him as if E₁ were the luminous point. The observer in W approaches with velocity v, and the luminous point (here E₁ is equivalent to a luminous point) E₁ recedes with velocity v’, the formula of the time aberrated by the movement of the Earth, will be:

t_r  =  t_a (1 + v / c) / (1 + v’ / c)  =  t_a . . . . (1,4)

here: v  =  v’ =  Earth’s velocity

Here the movement of the Earth does not affect the time that light expends to run over the trajectory.  It just has been seen before, that the movement of the Earth does not affect the time expended by the light to run over the trajectory given before (trajectory parallel to the Earth’s movement)

Let us see now the case of a trajectory of the light perpendicular to the movement of the Earth. Now the observer moves to E₂, and from here he sees the light ray coming from W, that in this case, W represents the luminous point. To be in accordance with the nomenclature of the formulas of time and frequency aberrated, we are going to express with O to the observer in E₂, and with O_n the displaced observer in A, to the luminous point W, by F (see Fig. 33, 34).

As in this case, either the observer O as the luminous body F, move parallel to each other and with a velocity: v = v’ = Earth’s velocity. It is convenient to analyze the problem in two phases.

1)         Supposing the observer is moving and the luminous body motionless.

2)         Supposing the resultant of the first phase combined with the luminous body moving.

First phase: Observer moving, luminous body motionless. In this condition the observer will appreciate the luminous body in an aberrated time  t_p (preberrated) in accordance with the following formula:

t_r c  = [(t_p c)² + (t_p v)² - 2 t_p² c v Cos O_n]^0.5 . . . . (6);      t_r   =  real time.

From the fore formula (6), is discovered the preberrated time: t_p

t_p²  =  [ (t_r c )² / ( c² + v² - 2c v Cos O_n )] . . . . (6’)

This time that is aberrated (preberrated) for the first phase, that is, the resultant originated by the combination of the movements of the observer and the light; for the second phase will be the real time, and starting with this for the second phase we find the transberrated time due to the movement of the luminous body combined with the resultant of the first phase. In synthesis, the transberrated time of the second phase, is equivalent to the aberrated time of both phases’ system, due to the movement of the observer (first phase) plus the movement of the luminous body (second phase).

Applying the formula (8) of frequency, or time transberrated t_t  and taking in account the fore indications, it is obtained:

t_r c  = [ (t_t c)² + (t_t v’)² - 2 t_t² c v’ Cos q_n ]^0.5   . . . . (8)

We are going to substitute these values in the fore formula (8), so as to be in accordance with the literal of formula (6’):

t_t c = [(t_r c)² / (c² – v² - 2 c v´ Cos q_n]^0.5 . . . . (8’)

Substituting formula (6’) in this, we have:

(c² + v’² - 2 c v’ Cos q_n) / (c² + v² - 2 c v Cos O_n)  =  1

FIRST LAW OF THE DOUBLE FLUID THEORY

If we study more widely the theory of the double fluid, we could see that the emitted-received fluid can have different velocities, so we refer ourselves to the interaction between atomic particles or between bodies perceived directly by our sensorial organs, etc., For the case of the gravity emitted-received fluid, we will consider it, equal to light velocity. If the body that emits the gravity fluid, is fixed, and the body that receives it, is moving, this could be appreciated as the fluid having light velocity plus the vectoriall sum of the velocity of the moving (and receiving) body; if the emitting body is moving and the receiving one is fixed; or if both bodies are moving, we can make identical considerations, all in accordance with the aberralogy.

As we have just seen, the aberralogy permits us to appreciate one type of emitted-received fluid that can have different velocities. This variation of velocities has a notable influence; based on the fact that the energy with which the emitted-received fluid is received, is proportional to the square of the reception velocity divided by ( c),as seen this by a series of observations of different phenomena, was deduced the following law, that is going to be called:   First law of the double fluid theory, that says: The energy of the propeller fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity with which the emitted-received fluid is incremented. The limitation of this law could have by interference with other phenomenon, are not going to be mentioned here, due to the lack of space.

It is important to make clear that the wearing out of masses produced by the gravity fluids, is so insignificant that the changes (additions or reductions) are due mainly to other effects that are much bigger.

-

DEFLECTION OF A RAY OF LIGHT IN A GRAVITATORY FIELD.

Before we study this problem I am going to reproduce some paragraphs of the book: “Electromagnetism & Relativity” by Edmund P. Ney, page 107.  

Deflection of Light in the Gravitational Field of a Star.

In 1801 a German mathematician named Soldner, calculated the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the Sun. His result which we reproduce here leads to the prediction of a deflection of 0”.87 seconds of arc. Shortly after developing the general theory, Einstein calculated the deflection and got the same result. however, he later developed the theory and found that general relativity actually predicts a value twice as large, or 1”.75 of arc. The experiment was first performed in 1919, and the result reported was 1.”7 of arc. The experiment is difficult, and more recent experiments have not agreed with this theory as the 1919 experiment, This prediction of the theory can only be considered to be confirmed to an accuracy of perhaps 20 %. The procedure of the experiment, is to photograph a star field around the Sun during a total eclipse (so that the stars are visible). Six months later, when the same stars are visible at night, the star field is photographed again. The displacement of the apparent positions of the stars can be measured by comparing the two photographs.

Soldner’s derivation.

The transverse momentum P_{_l_}, imparted to an object of mass m can be shown to be given at point P (see figure 68) by:

dP_{_l_}  =  G M m CosQ  d Q / c R                                                                                                       

 The total transversal momentum is:                                                                                             

  P_{_l_} =   dP_{_l_}    =   -G M m Cos Q dQ / cR = 2 G M m / c R . . . . (42)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

The angle : f  =  P_{_l_} / P  =  (2 G M m /c R) / m c  =  2 G M / c² R radians . . . . (43’)

Substitution in this formula for the case of the Sun, leads to the “classical” value: f = 0”.87 of arc. Note that although the mass of the photon cancels itself out in the derivation, the mass must be finite, i.e. m =/= 0, and this was not established in prerelativity physics. It could also be emphasized that Soldner’s value is only half the correct value given by the general theory.

The determination of the angle f by the relativity theory is not going to be effectuate here, because it is not necessary in this study. In the determination of the angle f by Soldner, he gave the gravity force an instantaneous action, but this is not the case, because the gravity has light velocity, and we have to take in account the aberralogy.

First we consider the light corpuscles moving from P to Q as in Fig.68. When the corpuscle that we take passes by point P with c velocity, it meets a gravity ray with practically the same velocity that moves in the OP direction, the velocity that meet both rays is equal to the vectorial sum of their velocities.  In Fig. 69 we have represented by c_x the velocity of the corpuscle of light, and by c the velocity of the gravity that meets the light ray (or the corpuscle of light), and by c_a the velocity of reception of the emitted-received fluid by light corpuscle.

Distance OP  =  R / Cos Q

Distance PP’ =  dS  =  OP d Q / Cos Q =  R d Q / Cos² Q     

Gravity force on a corpuscle at point P, according with Newton’s law, is:                               

 F = G M m / (R / Cos Q)²;         here: m = mass of a light corpuscle;          M = mass of the Sun.

The resultant of this gravity force perpendicular to  trajectory PQT (but in the same plane PQO) is:

F_{_l_}  =  G M m Cos Q / (R / Cos Q)²  =  G M m Cos³ Q / R²  =  perpendicular force

The momentum of the corpuscle in the point we are considering or any other point of the trajectory PQT is practically constant (= mc_x) and in the same way of the trajectory. The momentum normally the trajectory is obtained multiplying the normal component of the gravity force by dt (time differential).

With both magnitudes we make the triangle of Fig. 70 and obtain the deviation angle df for the chosen point. The sum of all these angles df will give us the total angular deviation f , and because this angle is very small, we consider the normal in the trajectory equal to the normal of the straight line PQT, without appreciable error.

d f  =  G M m Cos³ Q dt / m c_x R²

We solve the problem by the principle of impulse and momentum.

dS  =  PP’  =  (PO) d Q / Cos Q  =  R d Q / Cos² Q  =  c_x dt    

c_x  = velocity of the corpuscle

dt  =  differential of time  =  dS / c_x  =  R d Q / c_x Cos² Q

dF_{_l_}  =  F_{_l_} dt  =  (G M m Cos³ Q / R²) (R d Q / c_x Cos² Q)  =  G M m Cos Q d Q / c_xR                                  

1)  We are going to consider the corpuscle moving as indicated by the arrow. When the corpuscle is in P, the gravity fluid is moving from O to P with velocity c, equal to light velocity. The corpuscle moves with a velocity equal to c_x in the direction PP’Q, so that this corpuscle receives the gravitatory ray with an aberrated velocity:

c_a  =  (c_x² + c² + 2 c c_x Sen Q)^0.5    (69)

In accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory of the aberralogy, the increment of energy that produce the radiation  (of gravity) is proportional to the square of the increment of velocity with which is received such radiation.   So we have that the increment of the action of gravity is equal to:  c_a / c.   Here  c_a  =  incremented velocity of gravity  (see fugyre  69).   As velocity of gravity is equal to velocity of light  c  =  c_x;  In accordance with the principle of impulse and momentum and considering the increment    (c_a / c), of the gravity force by aberration, and the first law of the double fluid theory, we have:

C_a² / c²   =  (c_x² +c² + 2 c_x c Sinq )´/ c²   =  2 + 2 Sinq

The angle of deflection is:  df  =  d P_{_l_}  / P ;      dP  =  dF           P  =  mc_x

f   =  P_{_l_} / P ;   Considering the increment of the action of gravity:

f  =   P_{_l_} dt c_a² / c² m c  =    (- G M m / c R) Cos q dq (c_a² / c² m c)  =           

   (- G M / c² R) (2 + 2 Sin q) Cos q dq  =  2 G M / c² R  Sin q        

+ 2 G M / c² R  Sin²q / 2   =  4 G M / c² R  +  0   Radians  =

 4 x 6.673 x 10^—11 x 1.983 x 10³⁰ / [ (3 x10⁸)² 7 x 10⁸ ] =  8.4 x 10^—6  Rad.  =  

206,265 x 8.4 x 10^—6  =  1.¨73.                                        The experiment of the eclipse of the Sun is not very good, because the rays of light that pass near  the Sun are affected by the refraction of its atmospnere.

DETERMINATION OF THE PRECESSION OF THE PERIHELIUM OF A SATELLITE WITH AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT.

Suppose a satellite that moves in an orbit as the one shown in Fig. 71. In this figure, O is the attraction center, and corresponds to one of the foci of the ellipse. We are going to represent by the distance OP the radius, and it will change it magnitude in function of the angle Q.

   r  =  a (1 - E2) / (1 + E Cos Q) . . . . (44)          dr  =  a (1 - E2) E Sin Q d Q / (1 + E Cos Q)2 . . (45)

E = eccentricity

In the first place we are going to consider the satellite moving without any aberralogic effect; in this condition the velocity of the satellite could be obtained using the second Kepler’s law, which considers the radius covering equals areas in equal times. To fulfill this condition, the velocity of the satellite must be in a proportion inversely to the radius of the orbit. If (v) is the velocity, this velocity too, will be a function of the angle for the same reason we mentioned before. Considering the aberralogic effects, and giving gravity light velocity, then for a given time, the satellite will move from P to P’ (distance dS), with the velocity (v) specified, this velocity can be divided in two:

1)         one radial: v_r  =  v dr / [(r dq)2 + (dr)2]0.5 . . . . (46);

2)         one normal: v _n  =  v r d q / [ (r dq)2 + (dr)2]0.5 . . . (47)

Now we are going to determine the velocity (just aberrated) with which the satellite receives the gravity rays. Fig. (71), show us in a bigger scale one piece of trajectory (Fig. 71´). the piece of trajectory that we are studying is the PP’, that has a differential magnitude of first order. To point P corresponds a radius PO, of which only appears one superior piece in the figure. To point P’ correspond a radius P’O. If we prolong the two pieces of radius showed in the figure they will meet at point O; the radius P’O is smaller than PO in a magnitude equal to CP’  (= d r), so that if we rotate the radius PO an angle dq  to the right, the point P will coincide with the C. If in our analysis we approximate to the differential of first order, the arc PC  (= r dq), is confounded with the straight line that joint both points and the angles in P and C can be considered right angles   For our analysis it is not enough such approximation, as we will see below, so the trajectory PC will be an arc of circle, as indicated with the pointed line; here the angle in P and in C are really right angles because they are measured between the tangents of the trajectory PC (in the points P and C) and the radiuses. In this last case the angles have grown a quantity equal to dq / 2 each one.  The trajectory PP’ of the satellite, approximated to the differential of first order, also it could be confused with the straight line that join both points; for a better approximation we have to take in account the curvature in that differential piece of curve and make an identical analysis with the piece PC, the angle in P (triangle OPP’ in Fig. 71) will be increased in a quantity equal to dq / 2 , for this second case this angle in P’ also will increase dq / 2, for identical reasons. When the satellite arrives at the point P’, this has a trajectory that makes an angle in this point, with the straight line PP’ equal to d q / 2. Due to the aberralogic effects, the gravity rays seem to come toward the satellite in the direction O’P’, so the angle of the trajectory of the satellite in that point, with the line P’O’ will be equal to an angle; PP’O + 0.5 dq  =  1.5 dq

The projection of the velocity (in the point P’) of the satellite in the line P’O’ is:

(v)_po  =  v_r  +  1.5 dq v [(r dq)²  +  (dr)²]^0.5 / r dq . . . . (48’)

c = velocity of the gravity fluid; v = velocity of the satellite.

We can make the following proportion:

[ (r dq)²  +  (dr)² ]^0.5  :  v  :: :  r  :  c ;            {(r dq)² + (dr)²]^0.5   =   v r / c

if we substitute this value and equation (46) in the former equation, we obtain:

(v)_po  =  v dr  [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^--0.5  +  1.5 v² / c . . . . (48)

In accordance with the Kepler´s law:

v r    =  v_m r_m ;       v = v_m r_m / r . . . . (52)

For the planet Mercury we have the following:

t = one year of Mercury (= 88 Earth’s days)

v_m = 47.9 Kms./ Sec. = average translation velocity of Mercury.

r_m  = 57.86 x 106 Kms. = medium radius of the orbit of Mercury

E = eccentricity of the orbit = 0.206.

a = 58.4872 x 10⁶ Kms. = mayor semiaxis of the elliptic orbit.

C = 2 E / (1 + E²) = 0.395228 . . . . (53)

In the fore paragraph have been defined the characteristics of an elliptic orbit of a planet, as  Mercury.   Of course these characteristics were obtained by observations and applying the  Newton and  Kepler´s  laws, in which were consider the masses of the  Sun, of the planet, the distances, velocities, momemtums or impulses, etc.   In accordance with all the fore data was obtained the orbit of the planet  Mercury with a great approximation;  nevertheless, in  1859, by observations made by  Le Verrier, he discovered that the planet  Mercury had an acceleration of its perihelion of  43”.8 / century, with respect to the calculations made before with the  Newton and Kepler´s  laws.   The fore discrepancy was interpreted then, due to the action of unknown masses...   With the general theory of relativity,  Einstein gave a more convincing interpretation,  that my father did not accept:   He considered that such discrepancy was due to some aberralogic effects, but not only geometrical ones, but energetic ones.   The effect of a body or radiation moving at certain velocity is manifested not only in a geometrical way;  but at the square of their velocity:   This was the first law of the double fluid theory conceived by him, and that has not been recognized till now by the scientific world.

In the fore theme:   Deflection of a Ray of Light in a Gravitatory Field was solved the problem mentioned by the tittle of the theme, considering all the physical properties of the interacting elements.   Here, with the physical data, and the first law of the double fluid theory, was determine all the require data of the elliptic orbit of  Mercury, so our problem will be limited to geometrical and mathematical solutions.   In accordance with this we can obtain the time of orbit of the planet without considering the aberratories effects;  and also can obtain the increment of the acceleration produced by the aberatories effects, in accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory..

From Figs.(71) can be obtained the following formulas:

dt  =  dS / v  =  [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^0.5 (r / v_m r_m)

F_{_l_}  dt ;      F_{_l_}   =  (G M m p / r²) r dq [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^--0.5

F_{_l_} dt  =   (G M m p / r²) r dq [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5 [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^0.5 (r / v_m r_m)  =                   

 G M m p dq / (v_m r_m)  =  perpendicular impulse produced by the  Sun  in the planet in a time  (dt).

Average impulse that has the planet  Mercury:   m v_m         r_m  =  average radius of the orbit;       

 F_{_l_}   =  perpendicular force produced by the  Sun  on the planet.

If we account for the small dimension of the angle dq, practically the aberrated velocity of the received gravity ray by the satellite in the point P’, will be:

c_a  =  c  +  (v p dr) [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^--0.5  +  1.5 v² / c . . . . (49)

c_a / c  =  1 + (v p dr / c)[(r dq)2 + (dr)2]—0.5 + 1.5 v2 / c2

Considering the kinetic aberralogic effects we have

c_a2 / c2  =  1 + (2 v p dr / c) [(r dq)² + (dr)²]—0.5 + (v p dr / c)² [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—1 + 3 v² / c² +         3 (v3 p dr / c³) [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5 + 2.25 v⁴ / c⁴

The last two terms are very much small, affected by  (1 / c³)  and  (1 / c⁴), so we can disregard them.

c_a² / c²  =  1 + (2 v p dr / c) [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5 + (v p dr / c)² [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—1 + 3 v² / c² . . . (50´)

 In accordance with Kepler´s law, we have:           v r    =  v_m r_m ;       v = v_m r_m / r . . . . (52)

c_a² / c²  =  1 + (2 v_m r_m p / c) (dr / r) [ (r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5  + (v_m² r_m2 p² / c²) (dr / r)² [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—1  + (3 v_m² r_m²) / (r² c²)   . . . .   (50)

dr / r  =  [a (1 – E²) E Sin.q dq (1 + E Cos.q)^—2] [a (1 – E²) (1 + E Cos.q)^—1]^--1  =                                E Sin.q dq (1+ E Cos.q)^—1

(r dq)² + (dr)²  =  a² (1 – E²)² (1 + E Cos.q)^—2  [1 + E² Sin.²q (1 + E Cos.q)^—2 ] (dq)² ;

1 + E² Sin.²q (1 + E Cos.q)^—2  =  [(1 + E Cos.q)² + E² Sin.²q)] (1 + E Cos.q)^—2  =                                   (1 + 2 E Cos.q + E²) (1 + E Cos.q)^—2

C  =  2 E / (1 + E²)

(1 + 2 E Cos.q + E²) (1 + E Cos.q)^—2  =  (2 E / C + 2 E Cos.q) ( 1 + E Cos.q)^—2  =                           

(2 E / C) ( 1 + C Cos.q) (1 + E Cos.q)^—2

[(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5  =  [a² (1 + E²)² (1 + E Cos.q)^--2]^—0.5 [(2 E / C) (1 + C Cos.q) ]^—0.5 (! +                 E Cos.q)--1]^—0.5 (dq)^—1  =  a^—1 (1- E²)—1 (1 + E Cos.q)² (2 E / C)^—0.5 (1 + C Cos.q)^--0.5 (dq)^—1

(dr / r) [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^—0.5  =                                                                                                                            E Sin.q (1 + E Cos.q)^—1 (dq) a^—1 (1 – E²)—1 (1 + E Cos.q)² (2 E / C)^—0.5 (1 + C Cos.q)^—0.5 (dq)^—1    

= A Sin.q (1 + E Cos.q) (1 + C Cos.q)^—0.5   . . . .   (50A)

A  =  E a^--1 (1 – E²)—1 (2 E / C)^—0.5  =         

 0.206 x 5.84872 x 10^—10 (1 –0.042436)^—1 .x 0.206 x 2 / 0.395228)^—0.5  =  0.206 / 5.7181135 x 10^--10  =  3.60257 x 10^—12  m^--1

(dr / r)² [(r dq)² + (dr)²]^–1  =  A² Sin.²q (1 + E Cos.q)² (1 + C Cos.q)^—1   . . . .   (50´A)

2 B  =  A (2 v_m r_m)  =  3.60257 x 10^—12 (2 x 4.79 x 10⁴ x 5.786 x 10¹⁰  =                                               

3.60257 x 10^—12 x 5.542988 x 10¹⁵  =  19,969  m / Sec.

Substituting equations  (50A)  and  (50´A) in equation (50) 

c_a² / c²  =  [ 1 + (2 B p / c) Sin.q (1 + E Cos.q) (1 + C Cos.q)^—0.5 + (B p / c)² Sin.²q (1 + E Cos.q)² (1 + C Cos.q)^—1 + (3 v_m² r_m²) / (r² c²) ]  dq   . . . .(51)

In accordance with the second aw of the double fluid theory (not well study yet)   The fore formula  (51) gives a satisfactory mathematical variation of the increment of the velocity of gravity in a planet.   The first term  (=  1)  is proportional to the normal velocity of gravity without any aberration.   The second tern gives the lineal aberration produced by the movement of the planet;  by now we ccan not affirm that the gravity can affects the planet in a lineal way;  it would be interesting study this effect;  not only from a mathematical point of view.   The third and fourth terms give the aberration gravity not only from a mathematical point of view, but from a physical one, that in accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory increment the effect of gravity in a proportion equal to the square of its velocity.   In these last terms, beside the increment of velocity we have to consider the intensity of gravity;  this in accordance with a second law of the double fluid theory  (not well study yet);  for instance, if the intensity is one, by this reason the effect will be proportional to one;  if the intensity is two the corresponding effect would be equal to two…   In the third term, it is affected by the coefficient  (B p / c )²,  in which:  B  =  19,969 / 2  m / Sec.;  but really with the intensity of gravity produced by the  Sun,  the velocity of the planet is:  v_m  =  4.79 x 10⁴  m / Sec.;  also the value  v_m  is an average one in a lineal way;  but is bigger considering a second powder one  (v²).

Considering no aberrated effects, the first term  (1) into the angular parenthesis will give the angle that produce the planet moving from the aphelion point  (O)  toward the perihelion point  (P),  and vice versa.   Now considering aberrated effects, the second term into the parenthesis, affected by  (1 / c)  will give a delay of the perihelion when moves from the perihelion toward the aphelion, and when moves in the opposite direction will give an advance effect.  Finally, the third and fourth terms into the angular parenthesis will give a definitive angular deviation of advance of second order..

Trajectory of the planet from the aphelion to the perihelion without considering aberratories effects:       dq  =  p  radians  =  180^o

From the perihelion to the aphelion:  dq  =  -- 180º

The trajectories considering the oscillate aberration of first order:  :

(c_a / c)² dq  =  (2 B p / c) [Sin.q (1 + E Cos.q)  (1 + C Cos.q )^--0.5 dq  =       

 (2 B p / c) Sin q (1 + 0.206 Cos.q)  (1 + 0.395228 Cos.q)^—0.5  dq         

In the integral tables is not found any formula as the fore one, for direct integration;  but with the  Newton´s binomial we obtain the following formula:

(1 + C Cos.q)^—0.5  =  1 – 0.5 C Cos.q  + 0.5 x 1.5 C² Cos.²q / 2¡ - 0.5 x 1.5 x 2.5 C³ Cos.³q / 3¡ + . . . =

 1 – 0.197614 Cos.q + 0.0585769 Cos.²q – 0.0192927 Cos.³q + 0.00667189 Cos.⁴q –   . . . .

When the planet moves from the perihelion toward the apjelion, or in the ipposite way, we have:

Sin q Cosn q dq  =  -- [ Sin2 q Cosn+1 q / / (n + 1)    =  0;      there is no aberation effect.   But when the planet moves from an intermediate point between the perihelion and the aphelion, to them is produced an ooscillate value.

But when the planet moves from the intermediate point:  q  =  0o,  we have:

 Sin² q Cosn q d q  =  -- Sin q Cos ⁿ⁺¹ q / (n + 1)   =  Cos_n+1q]

Cos.ⁿq Sin.q dq  =  --  Cos^.n+1q / (n + 1)

 Sin.q dq  =  --Cos.q  =  1

Cos.q Sin.q dq  =    --Cos.2q / 2   =  + 1/2

Cos.²q Sin.q dq  =  --Cos.3q / 3  =  +1/3

Cos.³q Sin.q dq  =  --Cos.4q / 4  =  +1/4 .

Cos.⁴q Sin.q dq  =  --Cos.5q / 5  = + 1/5

Cos.⁵q Sin.q dq  =     --Cos.⁶q / 6  = + 1/6

Cos.⁶q Sin.q dq  =     --Cos.⁷q / 7  = + 1/7

+ 1 D  =  +  Sin.q (1 + 0.206 Cos.q) dq   =  1+ 0.206 (1/2)  =  + 1.103

-0.197614 D  = - 0.197614 Sin.q (1 + 0-206 Cos.q) Cos.q dq  = - (0.197614 (1/2) -           0.197614 x 0.206 (1/ 3)  =  - 0.053092                                                                                               

+ 0.0585769 D  =  + 0.0585769 Sin q (1 + 0.206 Cos.q) Cos.²q dq  =  + 0.0585769 (1/3) + 0.0585769 x 0.206 (1/4)  =  + 0.0225423

-0.0192927 D  = - 0.0192927  Sin q (1 + 0.206 Cos.q) Cos.³q dq  = =  - 0.0192927 (1/4) – 0.0192927 x 0.206 (1/5)  =  - 0.0086817

+ 0.00667189 D  = +  0.00667189  Sin q (1 + 0.206 Cos.q) Cos.⁴q dq  =  +0.00667189 (1/5) + 0.00667189 x 0.206 (1/6)  =  0.00156344

S D_L  =  1.04504

Angular oscillatory aberration  (first order):

q₂  =  (2 B p / c)   Sin.q (1 + Cos.q) (1 + C Cos.q)^—0.5 dq  =  (2 B p / c ) S D´  =             

 (19,969 p / 3 x 108) 1.04504  =  2.185 x 10^—7  radians  =  45.”0 / half orbit

   With the aberralogy my father proved that the theories of relativity are wrong.   Before my father, the ideas of aberration were study in very elementary way, and only were seen them from geometrical point of view, as did  Bradley, or Doppler in the study of the frequency of sound and other radiation;  my father did this, studding not only geometrical aberrations, but he considered energetic variations;  so he discovered the first law of the double fluid theory;  in this way he was able to solve the deflection of a ray of light in a gravitatory field  (see the fore problem with the same name).

Way he was able to solve the deflection of a ray of light in a gravitatory field  (see the fore problemwith the same name).

In this theme the problems of aberration are seen in a more profound way.   In the fore mentioned theme was only considered the aberration effects produced by direct variation of the radiation (gravity) that produce the aberration.   In this way the aberration grows in a lineal proportion of the increment of such radiation,  and diminish in a lineal proportion of the decrement of such radiation  To this we call aberration of the first order.   But there are other kind of aberrations, that are manifested only as positive ones.   These other aberrations are manifested when exists a radiation that produce such aberration, it does not matter the radiations grow or diminish.   In both cases the radiations produce an energy of aberration;  in the first case such energy grows when the radiation grows; and diminish when the radiation diminishes,  in the second case, also there is an energy, although it decreases.   For the production of the aberration of second order it is only required there is a quantity of gravity that increment the deflection of the planet, so the second term of the equation  (51), affected by  /1 / c)  can produce second order aberrations affected by  (v_m p / c)²;  this beside the first order aberration affected by  (2 B p / c)²;  this beside the first order aberration affected by:  (2 B p / c), that was given before.   With the numerical  problems will be seen forward will be understand better all this.

Next it is going to see the aberration (affected by 1 / c²) of second order.   .   In the third and fourth terms  (affected by 1 / c²)  the aberration is of second order.   As was say before, the second order aberrations always are of advance, although the planet moves from the perihelion toward the aphelion;  that is when the intensity of gravity diminishes..  

First it is going to see the aberration of second order produced by the second term  (affected by  1 / c)  of  the formula (51).   The aberration of second order produced by the second term of equation  (51) is considering that:  S D´₂  =  1.04504  is produced in  1 / 2  of orbit  and in accordance with the second law of the double fluid theory:

q₂  =  S D´₂ x  (v_m p / 2 c)²  =  1.04504 x  (47900 p / 2 x 3 x 10⁸)  =  6.573 x 10^—8  Rad.          

Now we are going to solve the problem of aberration of advance,  the third and fourth terms of equation  (51) will give this effect.  When the planet is moving from the perihelion  toward the aphelion, always is affected by the gravity force;  it does not matter the gravity diminishes.   In a second order process always is produced advance effect, because always there is gravity, although it is reduced when the planet advances from the perihelion toward the aphelion;, this happens in the third and fourth terms that are affected by  (1 / c²).   Next it is going to see this problem.

Cosⁿ q Sin.²q dq  =   Sin.q Cos,ⁿ⁺¹q  / (2 + n)  + [ 1 / (2 + 1)] Cosⁿq dq  =                                       0 + [1 / (2 + n)] Cosⁿq dq

Sin²q (1 + 2 E Cos.q + E2 Cos.²q) (1 + C Cos.q)^--1 dq  = 

Sen²q (1 + 2 x 0.206 Cos.q + 0.2062 Cos²q) (1 + 0.395828 Cos.q)^—1 dq  =

Sin²q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042435 Cos²q) (1 + 0.395828 Cos.q) ^–1 dq

(1 + C Cos.q)^--1  =  1 – C Cos.q + C² Cos.²q - C³ Cos.³q + C⁴ Cos.⁴q - . . . .  =  1 – 0.395228 Cos.q + 0.156205 Cos.²q - 0.0617367 Cos.³q + 0.0244 Cos.⁴q - .... . .

Cosⁿ q Sin.²q dq  =   Sin.q Cos^,n+1q  / (2 + n)  =          + [ 1 / (2 + 1)] Cosⁿq dq  =                                       0 + [1 / (2 + n)] Cosⁿq dq

Sin.²q dq =  q  =  1.5708    

Cos.q Sin.2q dq  =  (1 / 3) Sin.q  =  0

os.2q Sin.2q dq  =  (1 / 4) q  = 0.3927

Cos.3q Sin.2q dq  =  (2 / 15) Sin.q  = 0

Cos.4q Sin2q dq  =  (3 / 48) q  =  =.0.19635

Cos.5q Sin.2q dq  =  (8 / 105) Sin.q  = 0

Cos.⁶q Sin.²q dq  =  (15 / 384) q = 0.1227

+ 1 D  =  +  Sin.2q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042436 Cos.2q) dq  =

1.571 + 0.412 x 0 + 0.042436 x 0.3927  =  + 1.5877

- 0.395228 D  =   - 0.395228 Sin.2q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042436 Cos.2q) Cos.q dq  =

- 0.395228 x 0  - 0.395228 X 0.412 x 0.3927 – 0.395228 x 0.042436 x 0  =  - 0.0639

+ 0.156205 D  =   + 0.156205 Sin²q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042436 Cos²q) Cos²q dq   =  + 0.156205 x 0.3927 + 0.156205 x 0.412 x 0 + 0.156205 x 0.042436 x 0.19635  =  + 0.0626

- 0.0617367 D  =  - 0.0617367 Sin²q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042436 Cos²q)  Cos³q dq  =      0.0617367 x 0 – 0.0617367 x 0.412 x0.19635 – 0.0617367 x 0.042436 x 0.0  =  - 0.0050                          

+ 0.0244 D  =  + 0.244  Sin²q (1 + 0.412 Cos.q + 0.042436 Cos²q)  Cos⁴q dq  =                                      + 0.0244 x 0.19635 + 0.0244 x 0.412 x 0.0 + 0.0244 x 0.042436 x 0.12272  =  + 0.0049

S  D  =  1.59

  In accordance with the numerical data given before we have the aberrated (of advance) angle q₃´ in one Mercury half orbit, equal to:   q₃´  =  S  D (v_m p / 2 c)²  =                                                           

 1.59 (4.79 x 10⁴ p / (2 x3 x 10⁸)²  =  1.00015 x 10^--7 Rad. / half orbit

The radiation produced by the fourth term of equation (51)  =  q₄”  =  3 (v_m / c)²  =                                  

  3 (4.79 x 10⁴ / 3 x 10⁸)  =  7.648 x 10^—8

In accordance with the second term of formula (51), we have: 

q₂´  =  S D₂´(v_m p / 2 c)²  =  1.04504 (4.79 x 10⁴ p / 2 x 3 x10⁸)²  =  6.574 x 10^--8

q₂´+ q₃´+ q₄´ =  q´  =  6.574 x 10^—8 + 1.00015 x 10^—7 + 7.648 x 10^—8  =  2.42 x 10^—7  Rad. / half orbit 

2.42 x 10^—7  Rad./ half orbit.   Since Mercury’s years are of 88 terrestrial days, in one terrestrial century the planet Mercury will rotate around the Sun: :365.25 x 100 / 88  =  415 revolutions. A radian has 206,264”, so the angular aberratory deviation of advance (precession of the perihelion) will be: 0.000000242 x 206,264 x 415 x 2 = 41”.7 / century.  This value is practically equal to the real 43”.8, the observed one-                                                     

Cananea, Sonora, México, año 1945                 Estanislao R. de Hoyos

SOME VALUES GIVEN IN THIS WORK

Gravity microcorpuscle:  m_g  =  7.811 x 10^—58  Kg.

Light corpuscle:  m_c  =  1.47236 x 10^—50  Kg.

Propeller particle, 7 orbit  m₇  =  4.832Manuel 4 x  Hoyos Robles

Químicos 224-1; Col.Tecnológico

64700, Monterrey, N. L,                                  Monterrey, N. L: México, 19 Sept. del 2005

Cónsul de Suecia en Monterrey

Presente.

tiendo este oficio a   The royal Institute of Thechnology-  Department of Theoretical Physics.-  S – 100- 44,  Stockholm, Sweden.;  porque necesito que se me conteste dándome una solución a lo que aquí manifiesto, ya que por internet y con mis conocimientos de física no se me ha atendido;  lo que necesito que se me haga por las razones que aquí expongo.   Le pedí al Sr. Gobernador de Nuevo León  que me ayudara, recomendándome para que se me atienda;  por lo cual confío en usted y él, para esto.

Tengo buen número de años investigando en la física;  en muchas ocasiones de una manera muy intensa;  todo esto porque en la física moderna hay muchos puntos que no me satisfacen.   Por lo dicho desearía y es muy justo, que se me diera un reconocimiento oficial;  para esto desde principios de la década he estado mandando por internet mis trabajos de investigación a algunas de las principales universidades del mundo y no he recibido ninguna contestación, esto me disgusta mucho.

La institución mas representativa del progreso de las ciencias mundialmente es la mencionada anteriormente;  cada año otorga el premio Nóbel a los trabajos científicos mas destacados.   Por esto yo me estoy dirigiendo a ustedes;  pero no se trata de que esté pretendiendo dicho premio;  para darme un reconocimiento no es necesario esto.   A  Einstein no se le se le concedió dicho premio por sus teorías de la relatividad, sino por la ley del efecto fotoeléctrico;  y con igual criterio se puede hacer con mi trabajo de investigación;  y dejar que se acredite pro si solo, pero dándole la oportunidad de un reconocimiento oficial para esto;  para que todas las personas competentes y honestas que vean mi trabajo, al juzgarlo se pongan en mi lugar, sin ninguna predisposición.

En todos los países del mundo hay personas torpes y personas competentes.   En los países tercermundistas se estudia una profesión para librarse del hambre y la pobreza;  en los países primer mundistas muchos profesionistas han estudiado para poder investigar y poder hacer progresar a la ciencia.   No me gustaría que se me discriminara por pertenecer a un país tercermundista y por investigar como un profesional primer mundista.   La  India que es un país tercermundista ha dado grandes investigadores científicos.

Todas las ciencias han progresado porque la presente es mejor que la pretérita y tendrá que ser inferior a la futura..   De acuerdo con esto aquí voy a decir algunas de  las fallas de la física moderna, no como crítica destructiva, sino tratando de corregirla y evitando que se repitan:   La física moderna, a semejanza de mi trabajo de investigación, representa mucho esfuerzo intelectual y tiempo de muchos investigadores, y por esto merece todo nuestro respeto.   Pero al contrario de mi trabajo, desde un principio dicha física tuvo un reconocimiento oficial;  esto le permitió que siempre se aprovechara en beneficio de la ciencia;  con lo cual todos los esfuerzos de sus investigadores quedaran compensados.   Pero un reconocimiento oficial también significa que una ciencia puede ser aceptada de una manera definitiva si llena los requisitos requeridos;  o rechazada en caso contrario;  lo que es falso no puede beneficiar a nadie.   De una manera muy breve voy a indicar algunas de estas fallas.   Toda ciencia debe de partir de algo que corresponda y se relacione directamente con ella y que a la vez sea un valor que se pueda tomar como fijo.   Para establecer las teorías de la relatividad se tomó como base inmutable a la velocidad de la luz:  c  =  3 x 108  m / Sec..   Muchos fenómenos físicos se pueden explicar perfectamente sin que intervenga para nada la velocidad de la luz.   En cualquier fenómeno físico, siempre intervienen los átomos, porque toda la materia que existe está formada por ellos.   Una parte de ellos produce ciertos efectos de una manera muy precisa como es la acción de la fuerza de la gravedad,  y esta parte hemos visto que es el período de las órbitas de los electrones;  y esto nos ha permitido obtener muchas características muy útiles de los átomos.  Algo que nunca pudo  Einstein, ni han podido otros investigadores es obtener una relación entre las fuerzas electromagnéticas y las gravitatorias,  esto no ha sido por falta de capacidad intelectual, sino porque han empleado teorías deficientes como las de la física moderna  Yo sin emplear la capacidad intelectual de ellos lo he logrado;  por lo cual no se puede argumentar que mi trabajo de investigación está muy incompleto;  pues en realidad todos lo son; porque es mucho lo que desconocemos, comparado con lo que hay que conocer.

Cuando  Zeeman descubrió que ciertas radiaciones de los electrones producen varias rayas espectrales, esto se interpretó como una manifestación de la energía del spin  (rotación)  del electrón.   Yo he comprobado numéricamente que las radiaciones externas de los electrones con cierta intensidad se producen por varias partículas propulsoras emitidas simultáneamente por un fluido propulsor.   Antes  del experimento de  Compton se creía que todas las radiaciones electromagnéticas se producían por ondas;  con su experimento se llegó a la conclusión de que si una radiación de alta frecuencia era afectada por un electrón fijo, dicha radiación aumentaba su separación corpuscular  (longitud de onda).  O sea que estas radiaciones únicamente se pueden producir considerando radiaciones corpusculares  (no ondulatorias).   Considerar electrones fijos en cualquier sustancia es algo sumamente improbable;  así que yo comprobé numéricamente que la interacción era entre la radiación y un electrón orbital.   El concepto de que la materia se transforma en energía y viceversa, lo considero muy pobre, se pierde el concepto de cuerpo o partícula y sus masas y que estas pueden producir energía debido a su movimiento, como lo establecieron  Galileo y  Newton.   Cuando se concibió el modelo de átomo con electrones orbitales en forma ondulatoria, por  Schródinger, con una gran habilidad intelectual,  se esperaba un promisorio porvenir de esto.   Por lo que yo he entendido no ha sido así. ni lo será nunca. Como he manifestado,  si el átomo tiene que ser la base para un ciencia física firme, también debe de armonizar de una manera objetiva con el concepto de materia, tal como lo establecieron Galileo y Newton.   Para ajustar las teorías de la física moderna con las observaciones, se consideró que el factor tiempo no era una invariante universal, y con esto se perdió el concepto de simultaneidad; por lo cual para  Galileo , Newton...y yo esto es un gran error.   Lo mismo se puede decir del principio de la incertidumbre y de muchos otros.

Aquí se han dado algunas razones teóricas, respaldadas con valores numéricos, considerando las deficiencias de la física moderna.  Dichas razones están respaldadas por observaciones prácticas   Desde que se estableció el principio de la constancia universal de la luz, dicho principio no fue muy firme.   Por ejemplo, si un rayo de luz con velocidad  (c) se refleja normalmente en un espejo pasa de velocidad  (c) a cero  y de cero a velocidad (-c).   Un rayo de luz al penetrar a un medio refringente disminuye su velocidad.   Los experimentos de  Michelson y Morley, probaron además de la no existencia del éter, que la luz tenía ciertas variaciones de velocidad de acuerdo con múltiples condiciones.   En  1934, Tcherenkov descubrió que unas radiaciones en las pilas atómicas tenían velocidades mayores que:  c  =  3 x 108  m / Sec..   En  1977, 1980, los astrónomos observaron que algunos cuásares:  3C-345,  3C-279,  3C-273 se estaban expandiendo a velocidades  varias veces mayores que  (c).   Ante la evidencia de todas estas observaciones, los científicos aferrados a la constancia universal de la velocidad de la luz, consideraban que esta, formada por ondas,  estas avanzan normalmente a la velocidad  (c), pero diagonalmente a varias veces dicha velocidad; esto último en contradicción de que la máxima velocidad que puede existir es igual a:  c  =  3 x 10⁸  m / Sec. y también en contradicción de ellos mismos, que la luz se percibe perpendicularmente a las ondas ópticas.

Entre algunas de la universidades a las que les he mandado por internet mis trabajos de investigación, y no me han contestado, están las siguientes:  webmaster@fpaxpiuscies;  weitrbidungil@wiech;  webmaster-ulp@.u-astrasbg.fr;  weiterbildungil@zhwin.ch;  physic@cdi;  contact@especi.fr;  ilomero@sssup.it;  info@iuvienna.edu;  public@suba.sk;  rastine@adm.lt;  webmaster@epfl.ch;  info@fh-offerburg.de;  jutta.baezner@lh;  info@fh-rosenhelm.de;  zoopke@fh-tried.de;  webmaster@www.arizona.edu.

Ignoro porque no me han contestado, pero me gustaría que lo hicieran.   También me he dado cuenta de otras universidades  han tratado como basura mi trabajo.   Lo menos que hubiera esperado de ellos es que con toda atención me manifestaran que no se interesaban en mi trabajo y que les daba pena que me molestara mandándoles mis temas.   Esta hubiera sido una contestación razonable.   Que bueno que en el mundo haya personas con diferentes gustos y vocaciones y que cada quien se especialice y concrete a lo que mas le guste, sin que con esto perjudique a los demás, sino al contrario..   Pero si al contrario, alguien que se interese en las mismas cosas de uno quiera boicotear un trabajo como el mío;  tengo todo el derecho a defenderme y reclamar para que se me atienda como es debido.

Pero hay mucho mas que decir de esto.   Si se niegan a reconocer mi trabajo, se están negando a que la ciencia progrese;  se están negando a que la humanidad se beneficie con mis ideas.   ¿Qué estas pueden estar equivocadas?   No más que las de la física moderna, y sin embargo la ciencia ha progresado con dicha física, pues hasta con las equivocaciones se aprende;  se está negando a que la gente preparada de los países tercermundistas cooperen al progreso de la ciencia;  se les está negando la salud a muchos enfermos al no aprovechar las propiedades curativas de la electricidad; de las moléculas;   se les está negando la oportunidad a ,los jóvenes para que cooperen al progreso de la ciencia;  se le ha negado el valor que tuvo el trabajo de investigación de mi padre;  se está formando un espíritu anti-galileico y decadente en pleno siglo  XXI, debido al egoísmo de los que pueden hacer mucho y no hacen nada bueno, al contrario están obstruyendo el progreso de una manera semejante a como lo haría un delincuente que se apropia de lo que les ha costado mucho trabajo a las personas honradas;  no se respeta a todos los que se dedican a la investigación  etc.    Con poco esfuerzo y buena voluntad de quienes tienen los medios se puede comprobar la utilidad de una idea que puede producir grandes beneficios para todos.    Aún quitando todo lo que me afecta directamente a mi, no puedo aceptar tanta arbitrariedad.   Para los que piensan  que pueden apropiare se de mis ideas, quiero decirles que tengo maneras de comprobar mi prioridad.

                                                                            Atentamente:

                                                                            Manuel de Hoyos Robles   

ne Svanberg presidente del Comité Nóbel de Física

p/c. Cónsul de Suecia en Mpnterrey.

Por el periódico me enteré de que el premio Nóbel de física 2005 se adjudicó a los estadounidenses  John L. Hall de la universidad de Colorado y Roy J.Glauber, investigador en Harvard y al alemán  Theodor W. Haensch de Munich.   Dicho premio se adjudicó por la determinación de la frecuencia de la luz con gran precisión.   De acuerdo con la información dichos resultados fueron obtenidos por estudios muy profundos de la física cuántica aplicada experimentalmente.

Con respecto a todo esto, quiero manifestar que en enero del 2004 ya había elaborado el tema:  How are Formed the Gravity and the Coulombs Fields, en el que de una manera fundamental y con una precisión tan grande como la exactitud conque actúa la gravedad determiné la frecuencia en que se producen las radiaciones electromagnéticas  (internas y externas)  en los vértices de las órbitas poligonales, que son las mismas en que se producen las radiaciones gravitatorias.   Además determine algo mucho mas importante, que en los últimos 30  años de su vida  Einstein no pudo hacerlo;  o sea la relación que existe entre las fuerzas electromagnéticas y las gravitatorias..   Con esto quiero decir que el premio Nóbel de física del 2004 se debió de haberse adjudicado a mi.;  o sea que la primacía fundamental  (que es a mas importante) de todo esto me corresponde a mi de una manera incuestionable y completamente accesibles; por los datos tan determinantes que di;  la experimental corresponderá a las personas mencionadas..

En todo esto hay varias cosas que se prestan a muy malas interpretaciones.   Mis trabajos de investigación los he estado mandando por internet desde el principio de esta década a universidades de mucho prestigio, como Harvard, Colorado, Stockholm, Munich y no he tenido ninguna contestación;  la física cuántica siempre ha aceptado una teoría ondulatoria de la luz, y considerado que esta es una constante universal, y con ninguna de estas características es posible llegar a las conclusiones de los mencionados galardonados;  otra cosa que resulta muy rara y difícil de aceptar es que en  1963 se publicara algo tan fuera de la física cuántica en aquél entonces y que en todos estos años no resultara contradictoria con la física cuántica.   Esto no lo digo tratando de desacreditar a nadie,  al contrario, buscando lo mas correcto de todas las cosas.   Borge Johansson de a Academia Real Sueca dijo que era “un típico premio a la física”.   Sune Svanberg presidente del Comité Nóbel de Física, dijo que se puede calificar a Gauber de padre de la ótica cuántica, cuyas teorías allanaron el camino para los descubrimientos de Hall y haensch.

Quiero que me diga:   ¿Por que nunca me contestaron cuando les mandaba mis trabajos de investigación..  Por que cuando les remito el correo electrónico  utbi/dningsinfo@kth.se, aparece como recibido por lhulthéb?   Hay muchas cosas que aclarar.   Para abreviar algo que se tiene que saber a su debido tiempo; quiero saber donde se publicó el trabajo de Glauber en 1963, y si usted o el  me pueden mandar una copia de dicho trabajo.

     Monterrey, México, Oct 10 del 2005.   Atentamente

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Manuel de Hoyos Robles.

c.c. Lic. Vicente Fox Quesaca;  Presidente de México

c.c. Lic. Natividad Gonzalez Parás,  Gobernador de Nuevo Leon

         c.c.  Don Gonzalo Estrada Cruz,  Director Diario  A.B.C.

FÍSICA MODERNA.

Puedo decir que desde que me he interesado por el estudio de la física he considerado la urgencia de prescindir de la física moderna, pensando en que los problemas de esta ciencia  no se pueden explicar bien y lógicamente con ella, aparte de otros problemas que esta ocasiona y que se explicarán mas adelante.   Cuando nació dicha física, no se podían explicar muchos fenómenos de acuerdo con los lineamientos científicos, pues se ignoraban muchos conocimientos para hacer esto;  así que los creadores de la física moderna, especialmente  Einstein, se vieron obligados a suponer como válidas algunas cosas fuera de dichos lineamientos, y con ello consiguieron que la ciencia física no cayera en un caos.  a pasado un siglo de esto, en el cual se han obt4nido muchas experiencias y conocimientos, y todavía se sigue aplicando dicha física.  

Parecería que nadie, excepto mi padre y yo, nos hemos atrevido a criticar a esta “ciencia”.   Antes que  Einstein, algunos investigadores como  Fitz Gerald, Lorentz, Poincaré,  se dieron cuenta que la física clásica, (y de acuerdo con los conocimientos existentes en aquél entonces), no estaba preparada para explicar las diferencias que existía entre ella y as observaciones mas precisas.   Cualquiera de los  físicos anteriormente mencionados pudo haber hecho las consideraciones que hizo  Einstein y haber desarrollado una teoría de la relatividad;  pero no lo hicieron para no salirse de los lineamientos que debe de tener una ciencia.   De dichos físicos considero que  Poincaré fue el mas apegado a la integridad científica;  pues aunque no pudo rebatir los conceptos de la relatividad, nunca la aceptó, pensando que en el futuro se lograría armonizar todas las ideas con los mencionados lineamientos.

Estoy hablando con toda claridad para que se entiendan bien las cosas;  y para que no haya confusión,  quiero aclarar que lo que diga aquí, no puede ser ofensivo a ninguna persona decente, porque apegarse a a vedad no puede ser ofensivo, no se puede desprestigiar a nadie que no tiene prestigio, o que este es falso.   En la historia de la ciencia, grandes investigadores han tenido miedo  (y con mucha razón) de ofender a os tontos muy influyentes;  esto le pasó a  Copérnico, Galileo y otros.   Cuando  Olaüs Roemer descubrió que la velocidad de a luz era de muchos miles de kilómetros por segundo, todas las personas preparadas consideraron que esto era una exageración;  pero unos años después de su muerte, se convencieron de que tenia razón.   Lo mismo le sucedió a  Avogadro cuando determinó la cantidad de moléculas / kmole;  tanto que investigadores de a talla de  Ostwald dudaban de la existencia de los átomos;  después de qua Avogadro murió se confirmó  que estaba en lo cierto.   Ante estos y muchos otros ejemplos, estoy convencido de que si uno está preparado,  no hay que temerle a os tontos influyentes en este punto de vista.   Como yo he dicho muchas cosas mas apegadas a la lógica, se que muchas personas  han dicho que estoy loco,.   una de las características de los locos es afirmar algo que no entienden.   Si yo entiendo lo que estoy diciendo y ellos no, ellos son los locos.

Aunque desde que me he interesado por el estudio de la física, nunca he estado de acuerdo con a física moderna;  siempre le he considerado un valor limitado, o sea que fue un progreso de esta ciencia en la época en que se concibió;  pero si ahora tenemos nuevos conocimientos y experiencias, ya no se puede considerar a esta física como contribuidora del progreso..   Al contrario de la física clásica y de mecanofísica que se originaron basándose en conceptos lógicos;  la física moderna se salió de estos lineamientos;  de manera que en sus mismos fundamentos existen los argumentos para considerarla equivocada.   Si considera que la materia se puede transformar en energía;  con esto están demostrando que no tienen un concepto claro de lo que es materia y de lo que es energía;  de lo que es un objeto y de lo que es la acción que se puede producir con dicho objeto.   Si se supuso que el tiempo no transcurre para un cuerpo que se mueve a la velocidad de la luz, como las lejanas galaxias, al no transcurrir el tiempo no puede haber velocidad, porque velocidad es igual a distancia entre tiempo, como lo entiende un estudiante de secundaria;  o sea que es mentira que las galaxias se están alejando, en contradicción a lo dicho anteriormente:   Esto por un lado, por otro:   ¿Con respecto a qué se están moviendo a la velocidad de la luz?   ¿Con respecto a nosotros, o será al contrario?   Nosotros nos estamos moviendo a la velocidad de la luz.  

Todo esto  indica un concepto muy pobre de lo que es espacio y de lo que es tiempo.   Por espacio nos podemos imaginar un lugar en que se puede acomodar la materia;  el tiempo es algo que  permite accionar a dicha materia.   Otro argumento que evidencia lo ilógico que es la física moderna es que el espacio se puede deformar como si fuera algo material, por ejemplo una varilla.   Aquí se está confundiendo al espacio con los cuerpos o con las partículas que actúan en el.  A los actores con el foro en que trabajan.   ¿Que puede haber partículas sin masa?   Es otra contradicción, pues no puede haber masa si no hay materia.   Podemos hablar de muchas otras ideas fuera de los lineamientos que debe tener una ciencia.   El principio de la incertidumbre que niega el determinismo;  etc,  etc.   Un notable investigador ruso:   Lev Davidovish Landau, entre 1941 y 1944 descubrió el sonido cero y el sonido dos en el helio a muy bajas temperaturas.   El manifestó que aunque ignoraba los fundamentos de la física cuántica, tenía que explicar con esta sus experimentos, por lo cual se vio obligado a inventar una casi-partícula.   Su nombre nos indica muchas cosas...

En el pasado, después de que me llovieron muchas criticas  negativas sobre mi modelo de electroterapia, se fueron convenciendo de que era bastante efectivo;  y entonces en vez de criticarme, muchos se quisieron atribuir la primacía de esta técnica., que esta en completo desacuerdo con la física moderna.   Por internet, se mencionó que con fecha 1900 un investigador americano llamado: Royal Rife, de San Diego California ya había aplicado y estudiado la corriente eléctrica que producía la electroterapia.   Pero esta no fue mas que una burda atribución;  todavía hasta la fecha hay muchos que creen en la teoría de los electrones libres;  desde aquella fecha hasta el presente muchos pacientes no se hubieran muerto y hubieran sanado si se hubiera aceptado y aplicado la electroterapia.

Yo no quisiera decir ni hacer nada que sea motivo de disgusto por afirmar algo que por ahora no puedo comprobar, pues pienso que todas las cosas a su debido tiempo se tienen que aclarar.   Sin embargo mis asesores insisten en que si se tardan mas en aclararse las cosas dudosas, resultan mas perjudiciales;  por eso no me están sugiriendo, sino casi exigiendo que diga en detalle que es lo que me parece que se presta a muy malas interpretaciones en el premio Nóbel de física 2005;  ellos también me dicen, que como quiera que se vea este problema, de una manera correcta mi trabajo de investigador es muy superior al de los galardonados con el mencionado premio:   No se trata de hacer ninguna comparación en este sentido, ellos podrán ser muy  inferiores o muy superiores, pero si yo concebí la idea antes que ellos no es justo lo que se está haciendo.  lo importante es que se me atienda, porque yo he trabajado mucho en mi investigación;  y aunque nadie me aconseje o me presione, yo tengo que  aclarar las cosas, porque ya nada mas falta que se apropien de todas mis ideas..   Las personas involucradas en este problema han dado motivo para esto, voluntaria o involuntariamente;  lo cual podrá ser fácil aclarar rápidamente, si hay buena fe, como la que yo tengo.

El  Dr. Sine Svanberg, presidente del Comité Nóbel de Física, manifestó  una cosa muy extraña al darle mucha importancia a la frecuencia con que actúan las radiaciones electromagnéticas, al afirmar que en cuerpos que con velocidades relativamente muy pequeñas  (en relación a la velocidad de la luz), como por ejemplo los satélites artificiales, se iban a tener mucha precisión en su velocidad y posición debido a la frecuencia  (n)  tan precisa.   Otra cosa muy rara en sus declaraciones es que haya afirmado que con la aproximación tan grande de la frecuencia  (n) se iban a poder en un futuro obtener imágenes tridimensionales en la televisión, como si este fuera un problema de precisión en la frecuencia en vez de desfasamientos en fracciones de separaciones corpusculares  (longitudes de onda), etc, etc..  

Hay muchas incoherencias en todo esto.   ¿Por qué dijo  que se puede calificar a Glauber de padre de la óptica cuántica?   Borge  Johanson de la Academia Real de Ciencias, dijo que era “un típico premio a la física”.   Es evidente que se extrañó que en cosas tan simples y sabidas como las dichas, se ocupara todo un presidente del Comité Nóbel de Física.   En este sentido, yo no me extrañé, porque no se trata de frecuencias de las radiaciones, sino de la frecuencia en que estas se producen;  y esto me disgusta mucho, porque antes nadie le había dado ninguna importancia a esto, que viene siendo una de las bases fundamentales de mecanofísica;  y si el se dio cuenta por mis temas que les mandé por internet y que nunca tuvieron la atención, ni siquiera de contestarme de haberlos recibido , no se puede esperar nada correcto de una persona así.   Mis trabajos  son muy diferentes a los de a física cuántica;  pero aquí este no es el problema, sino ciertas actitudes...:   ¿Por qué no se me  manifestó oportuna y correctamente de haber recibido mis trabajos?   En enero del 2004 mandé por internet mi tema intitulado: How are Formed the Gravity and the Coulomb´s Fields.

   Es muy raro que alguien concibió una idea hace mas de 40 años y que hasta ahora se aplique basándose en las ideas de dos personas mas.   La diferencia entre esto y mis ideas es que de inmediato que las concibo  determino su aplicación;  y también porque explico  como las concebí  Según se informa en la noticia periodística,  Hall y Hhaensch se inspiraron para sus descubrimientos en un trabajo de investigación de Glauber que se publicó en 1963.   Una idea que no se aplica al concebirse, es como un alimento  que no se aprovecha en el tiempo que permite su elaboración para consumirse, o como una medicina vieja y caduca.  La verdad de las cosas es que  la física cuántica es una  “ciencia”  llena de ambigüedades y contradicciones, y con mentiras no se comprueba nada, y eso a su debido tiempo lo puedo comprobar, aunque no quisiera tener que hacer cosas que me desagradan; hay muchas cosas para hacer esto;  pero como los policías no divulgan muchas cosas para no alertar a los delincuentes, yo voy a hacer lo mismo.   La verdad es que  Glauder, en 1963, pensando en obtener resultados diferentes en ciertas cosas, obtuvo iguales resultados;  y  Hall y  Haensch, lo único que han hecho es copiar y “ajustar” a una física cuántica disfrazada, lo que hizo Glauuder...   Una “ciencia” que se presta a esto, es urgente eliminarla, y...

No hay problema para poder sustituir a la física moderna por una física en la que no se ha inventado nada y todo se ha obtenido a base de observaciones;  Esto lo digo porque todos tenemos derecho a disentir y merecemos que se nos respete, que se nos atienda, no nada mas a las personas influyentes de las universidades con mucho prestigio.      Pero si los influyentes quieran seguir protegiendo a la física moderna, pueden seguir haciéndolo mientas les dure su influencia.   La historia de la ciencia se encargará de poner las cosas en su lugar..   Con todo esto recuerdo a un doctor en física, con una integridad científica, tan grande como la de  Poincaré;  me refiero al  Dr. Rodolfo Castillo Bahena, que fue director del Departamento de Física en el Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey.   Como en  1965, si mal no recuerdo, me dijo que el que descubriera un buen modelo de átomo, inmediatamente se le iba a otorgar el premio Nóbel de Física.   El beneficio monetario que se puede obtener con mis ideas lógicas y apegadas a la realidad valen mucho mas que el premio Nóbel.   Por último quiero manifestar que ya estructuré  (con las ideas que tenía mi padre) una nueva física  (mecanofísica);  y con esto no estoy diciendo que con ella ya están resueltos todos los problemas que existen en esta ciencia;  únicamente he dado los fundamentos que nos van a permitir irla ampliando.   No pienso seguir dando mas temas, si con esto voy a fomentar la piratería;  ni tampoco aplicar mis ideas a muchos problemas detallistas, si se niegan a reconocer mis trabajos, como lo han hecho.

En algunos libros ya había leído sobre ciertas personas que consideraban que  Einstein era mas importante que Newton.   Tengo un libro en que dice que los investigadores que mas han contribuido al progreso de la física fueron Newton y Einstein.   Esto no es cierto;  se pueden guardar todas las distancias que se quieran;  pero si mi padre y yo hemos corregido todas las incongruencias de las teorías de  Einstein, los que mas hemos contribuido al progreso de la ciencia fuimos:  Newton, mi padre y yo.   Y los que menos han contribuido han sido la Santa Inquisición y...   Lo anterior lo digo porque prácticamente durante un siglo parece que los principales físicos del mundo han estado mas dormidos que despiertos, y han aceptado y defendido a una  “ciencia” como la física moderna llena de defectos y contradicciones y que se presta para la piratería.

                                                                                      Monterrey, México, 15 de octubre del 205

                                                                                     Manuel de Hoyos Robles

c.c. Lic. Vicente Fox Quesaca;  Presidente de México

c.c. Lic. Natividad Gonzalez Parás,  Gobernador de Nuevo Leon

         c.c.  Don Gonzalo Estrada Cruz,  Director Diario  A.B.C.

OFICIO PARA INTERNET::

Como investigador científico estoy  muy fuera de toda crítica y de la apreciación de la gran mayoría de las personas.   Todos admiramos las  cosas tan sorprendentes que suceden en el Universo, y nos hacen pensar en la existencia de grnndes y  complicados efectos que producen.   Si pensamos en lo infinitamente grande y en lo infinitamente pequeño, no nos queda mas que suponer que nunca se llegara a comprender muchas cosas.   Si tomamos un puñado de tierra, lo único que apreciamos es un conjunto de partículas inertes;  sin embargo en este existe la materia necesaria para producir la vida, de la manera mas maravillosa que nos  ofrece el  Universo:  este puñaso de tierra se transforma en materia viva al alimentar a las plantas que producen el fruto con que nos alimentamos los que llamamos los seres superiores.   Estoy hablando de la vida, para muchos puede tener igual importancia que el manojo de tierra para los que no saben apreciar las cosas por su valor, porque no piensen en el privilegio que tenemos del Universo al concedernos la vida.   Y este privilegio se les ha concedido desde los mas ququeños micro organismos a los mas grandes seres vivientes y todos luchamos para conservarla y disfrutarla,

 En la lucha por la vida se presentan muchas aberraciones en todos los niveles;  muchos seres vivientes tratan de benficiarse apropiánndose del esfuerzo de otros;  a la larga esto resulta desructivo para todos.   La vida se originó por la armonía de todas las partes constitutivas, y esto seguirá siendo así;  partiendo desde los mas pequeños microorganismos, si estos resultan agresivos a los seres superiores, es porque necesitan de ellos para poder vivir;  pero aquí al no haber armonóa, unos destruyen a los otros, o ambos se destruyen.   En nuestra vida la armonía no nada mas debe de ser material, sino espiritual;  si somos egoístas no cmprendemos esto, y cerramos nuestro endtendimiento a muchas cosas que nos pueden beneficiar y beneficiar a los demás;  por eso han nacido las religiones;   la investigación científica,al buscar el progreso de esta, busca la armonía y e bien de todos;  esto no lo comprenden muchos que pretenden ser verdaderos investigadores.   A mi padre nunca se le quiso reconocer su trabajo de investigación, y a mi me está sucediendo lo mismo;  los que mal dirigen el progreso de la ciencia, por su situación económica, se creen con mas derechos;  por lo general se otorgan los premios a investigadores de tercera categoría

El espíritu anti Galileico no se ha superado en cuatro siglos;  lo que se ha superado son las defensas y derechos que tenemos para combatirlo.   Que una institución de mucho prestigio quiera imponer sus ideas absurdas, ya no se puede, porque se está arriesgando a desacreditarse, yo estoy mandando mis trabajos de investigación por internet a universidades donde hay gente inteligente, no inbéciles que se creen todo lo que dicen los poderosos.   Una mentirota:   En todos los medios de comunicación se difundió la noticia de que un empresario teatral pagó muchos millones de dólares a otro para que le cediera los derechos de un artista desconocido.   Aquí todos quedaron muy satisfechos;  el supuesto comprador al poder cobrar sus buenos dólares a los espectadores para que vieran la actuación de un artista que supuestamente valía tanto, y que sus errores se consideraban actuaciones novedosas y muy interesantes; al artista mediocre que se le pagó un poco mas de lo valía su actuación en pesos devaluados;  al supuesto vendedor, que aunque no recibió lo dicho, si se benefició con algún porcentaje de lo que pagaron los espectadores, además de la propaganda gratuita que recibieron de los medios de difusión;  a los medios de difusión que se “libraron” de siempre difundir noticias negativas que están de moda.   Tengo el prilegio de vivir y la capacidad de hacerlo decorosamente y de poder investigar, sabiendo que puedo beneficiar a muchos, no me voy a negar  hacerlo, aunque algunos de los que me podía apoyar no sepan agrader  tantos años de investigación de mi padre y míos  (ellos no conocen la palabra agradecer, pero si la de piratería)   Este oficio lo escribo porque me parece intolerable que no se quiera reconocer el valor curativo de la electroterapia, a pesar de que millones de personas padecen enfermedades y mortandad por este motivo.

MechanophysIa

SOME VALUES GIVEN IN THIS WORK

Gravity microcorpuscle: mg = 7.811 x 10^—58 Kg.
Light corpuscle: mc = 1.47236 x 10^—50 Kg.
Propeller particle, 7 orbit m7 = 4.8324 x 10^—38 Kg.
Mass of the electron me = 9.1091 x 10^—31 Kg
¨ ¨ a proton: mp = 1.6725 x 10^--27 Kg.
¨ ¨ ¨ Earth = 5.975 x 10²⁴ Kgs.
¨ ¨ ¨ Sun = 1.985 x 10³⁰ ¨

¨ ¨ ¨ proton: r+ = 1.7143 x 10^—14 m
Radius of the electron: re = 1.4 x 10^—15 m
¨ ¨ ¨ seven shell: r7 = 1.13763 x 10^—10 m
¨ ¨ ¨ Earth: r = 6.375 x 10⁶ m
¨ ¨ ¨ Sun: rs = 7 x 10⁸ m
¨ ¨ ¨ Earth orbit: r = 1.48 x 10¹¹ m
Length of a side of polygonal orbit: lv = .2.55 x 10^—11 m
Length of a multimolecule: lm = 5.68815 x 19^—4 m
Radius of a virtual orbit: rv = 2.06 x 10 ^--4 m (maximum orbit)
Radius (maximum) of a Coulomb´s orbit: rc = 0.895 m

Time of return distance of light corpuscles: tr =1.58 x 10¹⁸ Sec
Time of deflection (electron 7 orbit): t>7 = 4.47 x 10^—20 Sec.
Time of orbit ( ¨ ¨ ¨ ): to = 2.3084 x 10^—10 Sec.
Time of vertex : ( ¨ ¨ ¨ ) tv7 = 8.27 x 10^—17 Sec.
Time of jump ( ¨ ¨ ¨ ) tj7 = 1.12 x 10^—11 Sec. = 135,632 tv7
Time of multimolecule: tm = 2.8 x 10^—5 Sec.
1 year = 31,557,600 seconds

Deflection velocity of sever orbit electron: v_l_7 = 69,098 m / Sec.
Velocity of the seven orbit electron: ve7 = 308,570 m / Sec.
Velocity of the seven nushel positive particle: v+7 = 672.27 m / Sec.

h = 6.6256 x 10^—34 joule = 1 quantum.
1 coulomb = 1 joule
Electron charge: qe = 1 eV. = 1.6 x 10^—19 joule
μ = 9.2754 x 10^—28 joule = 1 magnetron of Bohr.
K = 9 x 10⁹ newton m² / coulomb² = coefficient of Coulomb´s law
k = 1.38 x 10^--23. joule / molecule ^oK = coefficient of Boltzmann´s law
G = 6.673 x 10^—11 m³ / (Kg Sec²) = constant of universal gravitation.
135,632 t>7 = 1 tj

L = 0.895 m = maximum disance at which works the Coulomb´s formula

. MODEL OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ITS APPLICATION TO MEDICINE (checked)

Before the experiment of Griffith, it was suppose that with certain heat a microorganism could be destroyed. Grifflith proved that with certain heat not all the structure of the microorganism were destroyed, and that at least its DNA was not affected. The structure of the DNA has many short circuits that nullify many effects of secondary currents that are produced in the cells and in the microorganisms. If are placed the extremes of two electrodes spaced one millimeter, when an electric current (10 volts, 0.008 Amp.) is circulating, it will produce a continuous spark between them. This spark produces heat, whose intensity destroy some parts of the microorganisms, and this have been proved in the practice.

In mechanophysics is not accepted the model of the free electrons. It is considered that the electrons move along a chain of multimolecules that are formed in the conductor when is produced a difference of electric potential. The electrons of the current move from the atom of less potential toward the atom of more potential (here we consider that from the less positive toward the more positive); this movement is around each atom of the multimolecule (a multimolecule is a lineal chain of atoms, as will be seen forward), during a time equal to: 1.12 x 10^—11 second / atom, as will be explained later. When the electron arrives to the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule, it jumps to the atom of less potential of the adjacent multimolecule, in which is repeated the same movement. When the electron arrives to the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule (last atom), jumps to the adjacent multimolecule, that has more potential.

I am not sure when began my investigation on physics. First I tried to divulgate the theories of my father, so I studied them and afterward those of relativity; in these last ones I found many fails; so, also I got interested in study some modern physics, and also found many fails in it, and determine they had not good roots; that is, they were not founded in the structure of the atoms. I remember. as in 1965, doctor Rodolfo Castillo Bahena was director of the department of physics in the ISTESM. that told me that the real progress of physics was conditioned to a good model of atom; immediately I accepted this because always was in accordance with it. I began to study all the models of atoms existing them, but none satisfied me. Finally I conceived that of the polygonal orbits. and tried to make a detailed one of it. Afterward. and due that there are many alternatives in some details, I decided that this would be obtained when we advanced in our studies, and that is better to give the most simple model in first place.

The correct study of physics must be based in the structure of the atoms, and for to understand this we ought to know many things of a correct physics; Nevertheless physics science has not been developed parting from its roots, but from the macroscopic and more evident bodies and particles. For develop mechanophysics I parted from a model of atom that consider was the most logic; for understand this there are many details that here will be omitted, but afterward will be given in other themes. Exist the idea that physics ( and all sciences) have developed because all the discoveries made of it have been proved; but here there is a confusion; one thing is to prove something and other is to give an explanation of it (correct or wrong) of it. Newton explained with his fields of gravity forces, the movement of the planets around the Sun, and this explanation has prevailed till the present time; but with this has not been proved how works the gravity.

In his electromagnetic theories Maxwell supposed that any electric particles, from the most elemental one, that in this case would be an electron with negative charge, or a proton or a positron with positive charge; they would emit their electric fluid in all directions, forming an electric field with their corresponding sign. I am not in accordance with this, because this would mean that neither the electrons nor the protons have only one side in which they can emit (and receive) their radiations. An electron or a proton have only one side in which they emit their radiation. An electron or a proton, in a given instant only can emit their radiation in only one way; in many instant they can emit many radiation in many direction forming a field. A particle formed by many atoms and that has an electric positive charge, or a negative one, can form an electric field with many atoms, positive, or negative (in accordance with the excess of protons or electrons); this because in the charged particle each atom will try to emit its radiation at the same time than the others, in all directions (in all angles...).

As said before, I conceived a model of atom, taking in account many facts, but without pretending give the proves of it; these will be obtained with the progress of physics.. In some way I imagine an atom similar to a solar system; in other aspects have to take in account the behavior of the atoms; had to take in account the limitation of the laws of the classical dynamics; the behavior of the electromagnetic and the gravity radiations; of the black body radiations, etc. Avoiding many explanations that will be understand when we advance in our study, was conceived this model with the polygonal orbits, corresponding to the shells of the atom. Not all the atoms have the same radii; and these could vary in accordance with the model it is consider; mathematically can give a great approximation to the atomic values, in order that fix very well with a model (but not with all). It was consider an average radius: r7 = 1.13763 x 10^—10 m., that is equal to the most external orbit or shell. There are seven shells (n = 7). spaced at equal distance one from each other. In the first orbit (square one) the electron moves at v1 = 2160 Kms./ Sec; in the (n) shell, formed by a regular polygon of 4 n sides, the orbital electron moves at a velocity: vn = v1 /n = 2160 / n Kms./ Sec.. In our model the orbit of the electron is not produced in a flat plane, because this plane has a spin, as will be explained afterward. Considering the rotation of the electron and the spin of its orbit, the electron will move around its shell in a time we will call time of jump: tj = 1.12 x 10^—11 Sec.

Till here, only have been consider the orbital electrons of the atoms but have not talked of the positive particles that could be supposed as a unitary particle that control an orbital electron of the atom. In our model have consider that each orbital electron has its exclusive positive particle formed by one proton in the H atom, and by one proton plus one, or two neutrons in the other atoms. To an electron plus one positive particle, working as was say, we will call: binary system. Here both particles rotate around a point between them; for instance the electron of the seven shell, at a distance: r7 ≈ 1.13763 x 10^—10 m; and the positive particle: r7´ = 4 r7 / 1836 = 4 x 1.13763 x 10^—10 / 1836 =

2.988 x 10^—13 m; etc.

Had not been explained how are formed and how work the binary systems. In our model have been consider a structure for the positive and for the negative particles; an axis, as a tube in the diameter of them in which are received and emitted some propeller particles formed by corpuscles as those of light. For to be attraction between both particles they must be oriented, co lineal and in the same way, their axis. All the binary system of an atom fulfill the fore condition; and as the positive particles are very much near one to each other in the nucleus of the atom, there is no rejection between them, because their diameter, always are oriented to their negative particles (never to the other positive particles…).

Particle m⊥n; produces the deflection of the orbits of both particles, moving along the diameter of one of them, The two particles of a binary system are spaced a distance equal to rn = (n / 7) r7. The propeller particle after that, moves jumping to the other particle in which is repeated the fore mentioned movement and interior propeller action.. When this propeller particle is into the electron, it is

produced a deflection in the trajectory of it (in a vertex); similar thing happens when is into the positive one, in its trajectory. All say here will be understand better with the numerical examples. The propeller particle m⊥n; is formed by corpuscle as those of light. The mass of a corpuscle is: mc = 1.47236 x 10^—50 Kg.; its kinetic energy when moving at light velocity is equal to one quantum, h = 6.6256 x 10^—34 joule. A propeller particle of the orbital electron of the seven shell, deflects it with a kinetic energy equal to: K>⊥7 = 0.5 m⊥7 c² = 0.5 m⊥7 (3 x 10⁸)² = 4.5 x 10¹⁶ m⊥7 K>⊥7 = 0.5 me v⊥7² = 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 x 69,100² = 2.1747 x 10^—21 joule v⊥7 = radial velocity of the orbital electron of the seven shell m⊥7 = 2.1747 x 10^—21 / 4.5 x 10¹⁶ = 4.8327 x 10^—38 Kg.

Modern physics accepts as model of electric current that of the free electrons. This model is too much deficient, as have been explained many times. When it was conceived and accepted did not exist a good structure of the atoms in which could flow the electrons of the current. They avoided this problem considering that the electrons could be free to flow by themselves. With a logical structure of the atoms we have conceived a model in which the electron of the electric current move along chains of atoms we name: multimolecules. The electric current electrons advance from an atom to the adjacent one, moving in each one a time of jump: tj = 1.12 x 10^—11 Sec. = 135,632 t>7 = 135,632 x 8.27 x 10^—17 Sec.; t>7 = time of vertex (7 shell); equal to the time in which the electron moves from a vertex to the adjacent one. The fundamental idea of our model of electric current can be obtained if we consider a conductor wire in which are formed a bunch of multimolecules. If it is applied a difference of electric potential the electrons that are in one extreme of it will try to move to the opposite extreme spinning around each atom as was say, in a time of jump; after than jump to the adjacent and forward atom, repeating this process, and so on, till they reach the highest potential extreme of the conductor wire. In this process they can advance limited distances, we call multimolecules, along the conductor. In the higher potential atom of each multimolecule they get over saturated; with an interior propeller fluid, they get free of the fore condition and can jump to the forward multimolecule, their excess fluid is absorbed by the last atom of the fore multimolecule; in this way can jump to the lower potential atom of the adjacent multimolecule and advance along it, as did in the fore multimolecule, and so on.. A multimolecule is formed by 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms. The time employed by each current electron along a multimolecule is: tm = 2.5 x 10⁶ x tj = 2.5 x 10⁶ x 1.12 x 10^—11 = 2.8 x 10^--5 Sec. The fundamental times of our model of electric current are: t>7, tj, tm , etc.

In figure (3), with (O) is indicated the nucleus of an atom, around it spin all the positive particles

o the binary systems that form the nucleus of the atom, also spin the orbital electrons. The regular polygons concentric to the nucleus, have from the seven orbit toward the first the following quantity of sides: 7 x 4 = 28, 6 x 4 = 24, ... 1 x 4 = 4. The fore are the orbits of the nucleus formed by the positive particles of the binary systems; the negative particles or electrons have similar orbits, but much bigger. Practically all the sides of the same sign have the same length. In figure (2) is indicated in a schematic way a piece of trajectory of a seven orbit electront: y, z, e, a; (o) is the center of rotation. The 7 orbital electron moves around the nucleus (o) with a velocity: v7 = 309 Kms../ Sec.. The polygonal orbit also will spin, but in a perpendicular way around the nucleus (o), this due to the Bohr´s magnetron, that acts normally to the electron trajectory, as is indicated by the displacement e e´. Here the distance (z e) is proportional to the translation velocity v7 of the electron and ee´ is proportional to the perpendicular velocity of the vertex of the orbit; this due to the kinetic energy produced by the Bohr´s magnetron, and is equal to the angular velocity α of the plane of the orbit. Considering the plane of the orbit. in figure (2´) the distances: zy, ze, are equal each one to a side of the polygonal orbit; e´ e is the radial deflection of the orbital electron in a vertex.

The effect of “energy” of the magnetron of Bohr is equal to: μ. = 9.2754 x 10^—28 joule; acting n accordance with the left hand rule; when two bodies that produce some field move in opposite side, there is a rejection effect between them. The action of the magnetic field produced by the moving electron,

will be in the same way than the hands of the clock, for an observer that is in front of the advancing electron,. In this figure, schematically is represented the effective advance of the electron with the arrow F (equal to the direction that has the conductor). While the electron moves from the vertex (z) to (e), at a velocity v7, its orbit spins an angle (α); in such way that the vertex (e) is displaced to (e´), because the action of the magnetron of Bohr

Kinetic energy of the orbital electron: (7ª orbit) : Ke7 = 0.5 x 9.11 x 10^—28 (3.09x 10⁷ )² = 4.35 x 10^—13 erg Each time that the velocity of Bohr acts in the orbital electron of the electric current in each vertex, the orbit spin the following angle α = (μ / 2 Ke7)^0.5 π / 14 = (9.2754 x 10^{-- 21} / {2 x 4.35 x 10^{-- 13}})^0.5 π / 14 = 2.317 x 10^{-- 5} radians. 14 = 28 sides of orbit / 2

(μ / 2) acts in the positive particle (nucleus), and .(μ / 2) acts in the orbital electron.
For the orbit to spins π radians it is required:
nπ = π / α = 3.1416 / 2.317 x 10⁻⁻⁵ ≈ 135,632 Bohr´s velocities.
the orbital electron will move from one vertex to the next one in a time of vertex:

t>7 = 2 π r7 / (28 ve) = 2.π= 8.27 x 10^—17 Sec.

(1.13763 x 10^—10) / (28 x 3.085 x 10⁵) Each time the orbit of the electron spins an angle = 180º (the electron has moved around all the surface of its shell), the electron will jump to the adjacent atom of the multimolecule, in a time of jump: tj = 8.27 x 10^—17 x 135,632 = 1.12 x 10^—11 Sec. = time of jump

In the seven shell of an atom one of its molecable electrons, or electron that can form a molecule, has certain saturation, In the H atom, its binary system when ionized can gets its electron moving in the first orbit, before it get ionized; then the ionization potential of the electron of the hydrogen would be: i = 0.5 me v1² = 0,5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 x 2,160,000² = 2.125 x 10^—18 joule = 2.125 x 10^—18 / 1.6 x 10^—19 = 13.3 eV; 1 eV = 1.6 x 10^—19 joule

Since was known the existence of the electrons and of the nuclei (with our theory, the negative particles and the positive ones of the binary systems...) of the atoms, have been considered that an atom gets ionized when it gets free of an electron, because this the electron emits a propeller fluid, formed by corpuscles, as those of light, that have all the energetic capacity to realize this process. But this is not the only way an atom gets free of an electron, and jumps toward the first orbit. In a molecule formed by two atoms, in a given instant (time of jump) one of the atoms gets free of the molecular electron (molecable electron), because this moves to the other atom; in the following instant, the process is inverted; an so on; and all these without the production of any external propeller fluid. In our multimolecule the current electron moves along all the atoms without producing external propeller fluids, except in the extreme atoms of the chain of multimolecules…. It is possible (?) that the multimolecules are formed when is produced a difference of potential. For produce an ionization, this is accompany of a propeller fluid in the ionizer electron. Some atoms are ionized easier than others because they have a higher degree of saturation of corpuscles, such that with less corpuscles that are added, is produced the ionization fluid in the electrons that are liberated. In the molecules there is a continuous interchange of internal propeller fluid, that is of energy. In the electron of the electric current and the intermediate atoms of the multimolecule happens something similar. When an electron of the electric current of a multimolecule jumps to another one, only the electron gets free of its over saturation, that will be absorbed by the adjacent and last atom of the multimolecule..

In my model of electric current, that could be named model of ionization or of multimolecules, is considered that the higher electric potential, is that that have the most positive particles, and the less potential that that have the less positive particles, or more negative ones. Here is considered the movement of the electric current equal to the movement of advance of the electrons. These move along a chain of atoms that we call: multimolecules, of nearly 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms. The electron of the current moves along of each multimolecule, spinning around each atom, jumping from the less potential toward the most potential of the multimolecule; and next jumps to the atom of less potential of the adjacent multimolecule, and of higher potential than the fore one. Each time that the electron of the current moves along a multimolecule, as was say, gets a degree of over saturation of corpuscles that are yieded by the atom of the multimolecule (as those of light). When the electron of the current gets the mentioned degree of over saturation, can not advance, because it need gets free of this over saturation;, in accordance with the model, in order can do this and jumps to the adjacent multimolecule, were is repeated the fore process . When the electron jumps to the atoms of less potential of the adjacent multimolecule, before this, has get free of its over saturation, is produced a fluid is not manifested in an exterior way, because is transmitted directly between the electron to its adjacent atom, except in the case is produced what we have call an ionization effect in which is manifested in an exterior way the propeller fluid. In this way, the electron, being free of the mentioned over saturation, will be in condition to move freely in the less potential atom of the forward multimolecule, next will move toward the atom of higher potential of this multimolecule. Here is repeated the jumps process mentioned before, and so on.

In the same way that the electron (negative particle of the binary system....) gets over saturated when interacts with positive particles 2.5 x 10⁶ times; the positive particle that absorbs the over saturations of the negative particles, also gets over saturated, in accordance with the capacity of the positive particle here will be produced an ionization....) when it is affected by an equal quantity (2.5 x 10⁶) of the current electrons . The number mentioned before is equal to the atoms that has a multimolecule. The positive particle, that in the given moment gets over saturated and ionized correspond to the atom of higher potential of 2.5 x 10⁶ multimolecules. Such ionization is manifested with a propeller fluid that emits the ionizer electron with the energy and temperature required for this process. In order to effectuate this ionization it is required a time equal to that that an electron of the current moves along (2.5 x 10⁶)² atoms of the conductor = 2.5 x 10⁶ multimolecules. The ionization that is produced is equivalent to a high temperature.

In all the movements in which intervene the electron and the atom (more correct to say: the negative particle and the positive one in the binary systems....) there is an interchange of energy, manifested by the corpuscles acting as propeller fluids of the ionizer electron, as was say in other paragraphs. The ionization is produced when the electron has moved along nm = 2.5 x 10⁶ multimolecules, in an electric current.. With our theories has been defined that the electrons of the electric current move along the chain of atoms of the multimolecules. Each is formed by about 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms, as have been justified in other themes, when have obtained some concordances between some effects and phenomena. An electron of the electric current is able to move without problem from the atom of lower potential toward the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule. This can be explained considering that the electron in all this movement, around 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms (binary system in the atoms....) gets a degree of saturation of corpuscles (as those of light). When the electron arrives to the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule it gets all its saturation (gets over saturated), so can not advance freely, so that in order to jumps to the atom of less potential of the adjacent and more potential multimolecule, the electron will have to gets free with an inerior fluid, of all its over saturation, that will be absorbed by the atom of higher potential of the multimolecule.

In the same way that the electron of the electric current requires to move around 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms of the multimolecule, in order to gets over saturated and afterward gets free of this over saturation, that will be absorbed by the adjacent atom, that gets an over saturation, when electrons in an electric current have afected (2.5 x 10⁶) times to such atom, so that can be uinized. The effective distance that moves an electron in the fore process will be: Li = 2 r7 (2.5 x 10⁶)² It was say that the ionization of an atom of the conductor is equal to: i = nm io; nm = quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule; io = energy of over saturation of the current electron. But in the same conductor can circulate currents of different intensity, depending of the different electric potential at which they are working. For produce an ionization in an atom, in all cases, this will be affected for the same quantity of interactions with the electrons of the current. It was say that between the electrons of the current and the atoms of the multimolecules there is an interchange of saturation, by nm saturations produced by the electrons in the atom is going to be ionized, as just have been say As in these explanations there are many details that complicate the explanations; next will be given numerical examples; one with a conductor as mercury Hg, and other with a conductor of copper Cu. In medicine, electric currents with about: V ≈ 10 volts and: I ≈ 0.008 Amps, are not harmful to the organism; because this, we are interested to know in which conditions all the conductors work in order to fulfill the fore requirement

In the table of radii of atoms, for Hg we have: rHg = 1.44 μ; so we have a length of multimolecule for Hg: Lm = (2 r7) nm = (2 x 1.44 x 10^—10) 2.5 x 10⁶ = 0.00072 m. In nm multimolecules is produced an ionization in an atom. Time of multimolecule: tm = 2.8 x 10^—5 Sec. Time of ionization of an atom: ti = nm tm = 2.5 x 10⁶ x 2.8 x 10^—5 = 70 Sec. As we are working with I acting in one second, this distance will be:

L1 = Lm nm / 70 = 0.00072 x 2,5 x 10⁶ / 70 = 1800 / 70 = 25.714 m. in one second r7 = radius of an atom.; nm = quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule. nm² = quantity of atoms that travel the electron between an ionized atom and the following one.

Numerical example of a Hg conductor

(Hg): I = 0.008 amperes; ρ = 0.0000958 ohm / cm³; i = 10.4 eV. = potential of
ionization; A = 0.01 cm² = section of the conductor

R = ρ L1 / A = =.0.0000958 x 2571.4 / 0.01 = 24.634 ohm / L1 = resistance.
V = R I = 24.634 x 0.008 = 0.197 volts / L1
I = intensity of the current expressed in amperes = 0.008 Amps .
Ie = intensity of the current expressed in electrons / seconds = 0.008 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸ = 5,04 x 10¹⁶
Energy of the potential of ionization: i = 10.4 x 1.6 x 10^—19 joule = 1.664 x 10^—18 joule.
The ionization in the electric current is produced every 70 Sec.
Time of ionization: ti = 2.5 x 10⁶ tm = 2.5 x 10⁶ x 2.8 x 10^—5 = 70 Secs.

Wr = R I² = 24.634 x 0.008² = 0,0015766 watt Wi = i Ie / 70 = 1.664 x 10^—18 x 5.04 x 10¹⁶ / 70 = 0.0011981 joule / Sec. Wr / Wi = 0.0015766 / 0.0011981 = 1.3159 Wi´ = 1.3159 x 0.0011981 = 0.0015766 joule / Sec.. i´ = 1.3159 x 1.664 x 19^—18 = 2.1897 x 10^—18 coulomb

Heath accumulated every 70 Sec. (formula of Boltzmann) : ΣTi = 2 I´ / 3 k = 2 x 2.1897 x 10^—18 / 3 x 1.38 x 110-^-23= 105,780^o K …

An atom (a binary system). in every (2.5 x 10⁶) multimolecules, gets ionized with an exterior fluid produced by its electron. This fluid is equivalent to a high temperature (Ti), which value is given by the Boltzmann´s formula. The pathogen microorganisms have a solid cover (glicoproteins) that protect them of the humidity of our organism, but not of the heat produced by the ionization. In this is based the electrotherapy. Our organism is not affected in a no reversible way by this heat, because its humidity that dissipate the heat; also the ionization effects of the electrotherapy are very well distributed in the space and in the time in all the organism

For a copper wire we have: (Cu) I = 0.008 Amps. i = 7.7 eV; A = 0.01 cm² ; ρ = 0.0000017; Ie = 5.04 x 10¹⁶ electrons / Sec.; Energy of the potential of ionization: i = 7.7 x 1.6 x 10^—19 = 1,232 x 10^—18 coulomb Lm = (2 r7) nm = (2 x 1.17 x 10^—10) 2.5 x 10⁶ = 0.000585 m Space advanced by the electron in one second: L1 = Lm nm / 70 = 0.000585 x 2.5 x 10⁶ / 70 = 20.893 m R = ρ L1 / A = 0.0000017 x 2089.3 / 0.01 = 0.35518 ohms / L1 V = R I = 0.35518 x 0.008 = 0.00284 volts / L1 Ie = 0.008 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸ = 5.04 x 10¹⁶ electrons / Sec. Wr = R´I ² = 0.35518 (0.008)² = 0.00002273 joule / Sec. Wi = Ie i / 70 = 5.04 x 10¹⁶ x 1.232 x 10^—18/ 70 = 0.0008870 joule / Sec. Wr / Wi = 0.00002273 / 0.000887 = 0.02563 i´ = 0.02563 i = 0.02563 x 1.232 x 10^--18 = 3.1576 x 10^-20 Wi = i´ Ie / 70= 3.1576 x 10^—20 x 5.04 x 10¹⁶ / 70= 0.00002273 Ti = 2 i´ / 3 k = 2 x 3.1576 x 10^—20 / (3 x 1.38 x 10^—23) = 1,525^o K

In our organism Ti is bigger than in Cu and smaller tha in Hg. In any book of chemistry there are tables that give the energy of ionization (electron potential of ionization: i) of all the atomic elements; but these tables are obtained with the elements at certain temperature, pressure, etc.. With some higher temperature some atoms of a sample get ionized without been produced a difference of electrical potential: .To our model of electric current of multimolecules, also we can call: model of electric current by ionization.

Monterrey, México; 1065; August / 2003 November 2

.

.

. . . -

^. MULTIMOLECULES

A very much important value is that of the multimolecule. Since a long time ago I am aware of this; for obtain it had to consider several things. For all people that had read my work, it is not necessary to explain what is a multimolecule. In my investigation work of an electric current had to meditate in many facts. In first place concluded that a model of electric current as that of the free electrons was with too many deficiencies; I have been commenting many times in other theories, here will not repeat them: With respect to the resistance of the current, the practical experience for us is very much valuable and the first useful experience we can take for structure our model. As the current electrons do not get free so easy as is considered in the theory of the free electrons, we had to take in account that they moved along a chain of atoms, that we called multimolecule. This means that in all the conductors the current electrons move at the same velocity on their conductor wires, along the multimolecules; some with less resistance (good conductors), and other with more resistance. Our first problem was to determine how move the current electrons in every one of the atoms of the multimolecule. Based in many other phenomena, this solution was relative easy, as could be understand in the numerical problems. Other problem was to determine how many atoms has a multimolecule. Really this is not an easy problem. Since the beginning we got the idea that each current electron jumps from an atom to the forward one of the multimolecule in some way, similar as an electron of a molecule. How many jumps could make in this way, in order to move along the multimolecule? To answer the fore question a logic and scientific way, is not easy for us; so we studied it considering the behavior of some conductors: For this we choose the mercury atom, that practically is the atom most resistant of all conductors, and with its liquid structure there is less risk that its resistance can be altered by irregular distribution of its atoms. Some kind of atoms, as iron are more resistant to the flow of electrons, but they could be magnetized, etc., etc. Depending of the length and the cross section of a mercury conductor, can give to it any one resistance. By first instance this does not affect us. Here will be accepted the value given in a conventional way; and from this value will determine an electric intensity that will be a balanced one; that is, that will give: Wr = Wi (see the fore problem). If the resistance R is reduced to its half, its intensity I is duplicated, and the energies Wr and Wⁱ get incremented in the same magnitude than I. In few words, the maximum variation could have the mercury conductor could not affect to the other conductors that are better ones. For instance, in the fore numerical problems we had: RHg = 1,362.3 ohms; RCu = 24.1747. We can give equal values to both conductors if: LHg = 142,204 cm.; LCu´ = 1,342.3 LHg / 24.1747 = 59.8774 LHg = 8,514,807 cm.

For instance, we have for Hg: L = 100 m: A = 1 cm²; I = 120 Amps.; ρ = 0.0000968; i = 10.4 eV.

RHg = ρ L / A = 9.58 x 10^—5 x 10,000 / 1 = 0.958 ohms.
ik´ = 10.4 x 1.6 x 10^—19 = 1.664 x 10^—18 joule / atom
I = 120 Amps.; Ie = 120 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸ = 7.56 x 10²⁰ electrons / Sec
Wr = R I² = 0.958 x 120² = 13,705 joule / Sec.

Wi = ik´Ie = 1.664 x 10^—18 x 7.56 x 10²⁰ = 1,260 joule / Sec.

Wr / Wi = 13,795 / 1,260 = 10.95

If: / I´ = 120 / 10.95 = 10.96 Amps. = balanced intensity.

Wr´ = 0.958 x 10.96² = 115 joule.

Ie´ = 10.96 x 6.3 x 10¹⁸ = 6.9048 x 10¹⁹ electrons / Sec.

Wi´ = 1.664 x 10^—18 x 6.9048 x 10¹⁹ = 115 joules.

For a copper conductor we have: A = 1 cm².; I = 120 Amps.; i = 7.7 eV.;

ρ = 0.000001725.

We can have equal resistance than the Hg conductor if it is of a length: LCu = ρHg LHg / ρCu = 0.0000958 x 100 / 0.000001725 = 5,553.62 m.

RCu´ = ρCu LCu / A = 0.000001725 x 555,362 /1.0 = 0.958 ohm.

Determination of: n^m = quantity of atoms that has a multimolecule.

In the Hg conductor we have: r = 1.13763 x 10^—8 cm.; 2 r = 2.2752 x 10^—8 cm.

A = 1.0 cm² = 1.0 / (2 r)² = 1.0 / (2.27526 x 10^—8)² = 1.931692245 x 10¹⁵ atoms.

Ie = 6.3 x 10¹⁸ I´ = 6.3 z 10¹⁸ x 10.96 = 6.905 x 10¹⁹ = quantity of current electrons that flow in one second.

6.905 x 10¹⁹ tj = 6.905 x 10¹⁹ x 1.12 x 10^—11 = 7.733 x 10⁸ electrons / tj.

1.9317 x 10¹⁵ = quantity of multimolecules there are in a volume: A nm of atoms.

Originally, when I made the model of the polygonal orbits, I considered that the magnetron of Bohr: μ = 9.2754 x 10^—21 was an energy value; afterward, I saw that could work as an energy if it was affected by a term: Q, that is expressed in (gr. / erg). The formula, expressed in e,m, units of the magnetron of Bohr, has an energy would be: M = Q e h / 4 π m. Here the term (e / m) only gives a mathematical proportion, not a physical one… I did not pay much attention to this problem because I was working in other problems of physics; but now that I am studding the flux of the atomic particles have find many interpretations in the problem of the magnetron of Bohr…. Because this, I decided to search other energy that could explain the perpendicular deflection of the orbit of the electron. With this modification will vary the time of jump (tj) and the time of multimolecule ™: But this will not affect our theories, only will be some quantitative variations in some problems, that in the future, and without precipitation will be corrected.

-- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- -

Considering that a current electron moves along a multimolecule in a time: tm = nm tj, we have: 1.9317 x 10¹⁵/ 7.733 x 10⁸ = ;nm² /nm = 1.9317 x 10¹⁵ / 7.733 x 10⁸ = 2.498 x 10⁶ ≈ 2.5 x 10⁶ atoms = number of atoms that has a multimolecule. Also is very much important to point out that the fore number is equal to the quantity of atoms there are in the cross section of the conductor for each active atom in any given moment. – Monterrey, México; September / 2003 Manuel de Hoyos Robles

OFICIO PARA INTERNET:

Como investigador científico estoy muy fuera de toda crítica y de la apreciación de la gran mayoría de las personas. Todos admiramos las cosas tan sorprendentes que suceden en el Universo, y nos hacen pensar en la existencia de grandes y complicados efectos que producen. Si pensamos en lo infinitamente grande y en lo infinitamente pequeño, no nos queda mas que suponer que nunca se llegara a comprender muchas cosas. Si tomamos un puñado de tierra, lo único que apreciamos es un conjunto de partículas inertes; sin embargo en este existe la materia necesaria para producir la vida, de la manera mas maravillosa que nos ofrece el Universo: este puñado de tierra se transforma en materia viva al alimentar a las plantas que producen el fruto con que nos alimentamos los que llamamos los seres superiores. Estoy hablando de la vida, para muchos puede tener igual importancia que el manojo de tierra para los que no saben apreciar las cosas por su valor, porque no piensen en el privilegio que tenemos del Universo al concedernos la vida. Y este privilegio se les ha concedido desde los mas pequeños micro organismos a los mas grandes seres vivientes y todos luchamos para conservarla y disfrutarla,

En la lucha por la vida se presentan muchas aberraciones en todos los niveles; muchos seres

vivientes tratan de beneficiarse apropiándose del esfuerzo de otros; a la larga esto resulta destructivo

para todos. La vida se originó por la armonía de todas las partes constitutivas, y esto seguirá siendo

así; partiendo desde los mas pequeños microorganismos, si estos resultan agresivos a los seres

superiores, es porque necesitan de ellos para poder vivir; pero aquí al no haber armonía, unos

destruyen a los otros, o ambos se destruyen. En nuestra vida la armonía no nada mas debe de ser

material, sino espiritual; si somos egoístas no comprendemos esto, y cerramos nuestro entendimiento

a muchas cosas que nos pueden beneficiar y beneficiar a los demás; por eso han nacido las religiones;

la investigación científica,al buscar el progreso de esta, busca la armonía y e bien de todos; esto no lo

comprenden muchos que pretenden ser verdaderos investigadores. A mi padre nunca se le quiso

reconocer su trabajo de investigación, y a mi me está sucediendo lo mismo; los que mal dirigen el

progreso de la ciencia, por su situación económica, se creen con mas derechos; por lo general se

otorgan los premios a investigadores de tercera categoría

El espíritu anti Galileico no se ha superado en cuatro siglos; lo que se ha superado son las defensas y derechos que tenemos para combatirlo. Que una institución de mucho prestigio quiera imponer sus ideas absurdas, ya no se puede, porque se está arriesgando a desacreditarse, yo estoy mandando mis trabajos de investigación por internet a universidades donde hay gente inteligente, no imbéciles que se creen todo lo que dicen los poderosos. Una mentirota: En todos los medios de comunicación se difundió la noticia de que un empresario teatral pagó muchos millones de dólares a otro para que le cediera los derechos de un artista desconocido. Aquí todos quedaron muy satisfechos; el supuesto comprador al poder cobrar sus buenos dólares a los espectadores para que vieran la actuación de un artista que supuestamente valía tanto, y que sus errores se consideraban actuaciones novedosas y muy interesantes; al artista mediocre que se le pagó un poco mas de lo valía su actuación en pesos devaluados; al supuesto vendedor, que aunque no recibió lo dicho, si se benefició con algún porcentaje de lo que pagaron los espectadores, además de la propaganda gratuita que recibieron de los medios de difusión; a los medios de difusión que se “libraron” de siempre difundir noticias negativas que están de moda. Tengo el privilegio de vivir y la capacidad de hacerlo decorosamente y de poder investigar, sabiendo que puedo beneficiar a muchos, no me voy a negar hacerlo, aunque algunos de los que me podía apoyar no sepan agradecer tantos años de investigación de mi padre y míos (ellos no conocen la palabra agradecer, pero si la de piratería) Este oficio lo escribo porque me parece intolerable que no se quiera reconocer el valor curativo de la electroterapia, a pesar de que millones de personas padecen enfermedades y mortandad por este motivo

.Monterrey, México, noviembre / 06 Atentamente: Manuel de Hoyos Robles

.THE TWO HOLES EXPERIMENT (chequed)

n the XIX century the undulated theory of light was imposed because with waves could explain many phenomena, that they could not do with a corpuscular theory. In the XX century, also happened the same thing; and also, afterward were found some phenomena they could not be explained by an undulated theory; so they considered that matter (corpuscles) could be transformed in energy (waves). The partisan of the undulated theory considered that the experiment of the two holes proved that light is produced by waves. They used two instruments, one that produces waves, and a slug gun. They had two parallel walls; one with two holes, and in front of it other in which they measure the intensity of the waves and of the slug particles. In the opposite side are the instruments that produce the two mentioned effects. When only one hole is opened in the middle wall, and the experiment is made with both instruments, the maximum intensity is appreciated similar in the testing wall, as could be seen with a symmetric curve with one maximum values. When both holes are opened in the practice and in the experiment, with waves appeared two more intense radiations spaced by one less intensity one; adjacent to the two most intensity, were others two maximum radiations, spaced by two minimum ones; adjacent to the second maximum ones, appeared other maximum spaced by two minimum ones and so on. The experiment of the two holes with the slung gun is not a good one, because the slings are too big compared with the light corpuscles, and with this is limited the interaction of the slings in a great deal; this by one side; by other side, the velocity of the slings, by far is smaller than that of the corpuscles; so the time for produce intersection is very much slow. With the slung gun only can be produced two maximum intensities when the two holes are opened- ntensities when the two holes are opened- . . . . . . -. . . -. . . . . . -. . . . . .

.
.

THE RETURN DISTANCE (NO GROWING OF ENTR0PY) (checked)

Since the epoch of Newton, Coulomb, etc. the fields of forces have got a fundamental importance ; nevertheless if it is considered the infinite time of existence of the Universe, in this time all the fields of the Universe would be exhausted because the bodies that produce them would not be able to continue producing the microatomic particles that form such fields, but this is not so, because the particles that produce such fields, when they are expelled, recede from such bodies at light velocity, move during millions of years and after that time they return to the place were they were emitted, to this process we call return distance in such way that the fields never get exhausted ; to these fields we call mechanized fields for to differentiate of the structured ones that were accepted since the Newton’s epoch, and in which there were not considered as of corpuscular nature. With the mechanized fields of mechanophysics these problems are solved. Mechanized fields are formed by ultramicroscopic particles emitted at light velocity by the bodies that form such fields in all directions, when these field particles reach another body they act in this one, making the body to acts in accordance with the kind of field is considered, and as there is reciprocity between causes and effects, the second body affects to the first one in a similar way. As can be appreciated the mechanized fields by far are more simple than the structured ones. The first step of structure of the mechanized field has been given.

In the infinite time of existence of the Universe all the bodies producer of mechanized fields would be exhausted of their field fluids they emit, unless we consider other property of such fluids that we call: return distance, this return distance can vary in considerable magnitudes of time and distance in accordance with many facts; when a cycle of return distance is effectuated the fluid that original was emitted return toward the emitter body and is “recuperated”. Not all the corpuscles or particles emitted by a body return to the place they were emitted, because are absorbed by other celestial bodies. This, and other celestial bodies also emit particles that are absorbed by the first mentioned body. The second step of the mechanized fields has been made, that is, of no exhausted fields and with this solution is obtained other solution of a problem that have been of preponderant importance since the Boltzmann’s epoch, that is, the growing of entropy. It has been considered that the energy moves always from a higher level toward a lower one. In some way this is a simple criterion that with the mechanophysics is seen in a more subtle way, in accordance with this all particles (entropy particles) of the Universe always had have a determined energy that remain in them in the infinite time in the past and in the future, this energy acts in such particles in accordance with many facts in any determined process and in accordance with one of the fore mentioned facts the particle lose energy, but in accordance with other not evident facts the particle win energy (law of conservation of energy) in such way that all the particles of the Universe have not lost nor win energy in the infinite time of their existence in the Universe; forward it is going to see a subtle case, in this (returning distance) there is not the problem given by the growing of entropy, because the energy (in form of mechanized fields) that is emitted away in all directions, because the returning effect return to the opposite way (maybe in millions years).

There is a fundamental difference between the structured fields and the mechanized ones. It is considered that the first ones have an innate existence and that a body is affected by them in proportion to the magnitude of the physical body properties. The mechanized fields can not have an existence if there not exist the interacting bodies, this means that this bodies are the producer of such fields, sc the theory of the mechanized fields is very much simplified. How many mechanized fields we can have? We can answer the fore question if we observe all kinds of radiation that can emits a body in different circumstances: a gravity field, an electromagnetic field,, a light field, etc. With the mechanized fields we return the acceptance of the Newton’s law of gravity attraction. That was considered was not true because they fail in the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and in the deflection of a light ray moving tangential and near of a heavy celestial body as the Sun? I am not in accordance with the fore trace because in it was not considered that the gravity velocity was incremented (aberrated) by the velocity of the affected or receptive bodies: (Mercury planet and the light corpuscles mentioned); the effect that produces the fore increment of receiving gravity velocity is proportional to the square of such increment. The structured fields depart from the amplitude of the Universe affecting to the interacting bodies: the mechanized fields depart from the interacting bodies affecting the space of the Universe in which they interact.

The problem of the red shift can be explained with a numerical example and at the same time will be given a logical explanation of what has been interpreted as the expansion of the Universe given by modern physics. It has been observed that while farther recede a celestial body, its light radiation (gamma,.....radio radiation) move toward the red frequency, this is considering the constancy of light velocity, about this model (expansion Universe) there are some contradictory points we are not going to mention because the lack of space. In mechanophysics are considered the light radiation formed by material corpuscles (corpuscular nature). A light ray is formed by a straight line of light corpuscles spaced one from each other at equidistant we call: corpuscular distance (wave length in the undulate theory of light). In our model of mechanophysics the frequency of radiation is given by the corpuscular distance, and for distant celestial bodies diminishes not because the corpuscular distance grows, but because the light velocity diminishes due to the action of the remanent gravity (as we will see forward) that acts at equal intervals of time we call: braking time in each corpuscle of the ray of light At the present time the advance of the technology permit us to measure the velocity of light affected by the mentioned braking effect, who does this must not be influenced with the idea that light velocity is a constant value..

With respect to the action of remanent gravity in the light radiation’s we can make more than one model with a structure criterion. Of them and with a fundamentalist criterion we will choose one on which is considered that the electrons that emit the light are not affected by gravity, only their “corresponding” proton in the nucleus of the atom. Each corpuscle of a ray of light emitted, has a quantity of remanent gravity (nugravity) enough to acts at each time of brake during all the returning distance trajectory in such a way that the ray of light emitted by the electron in a given point of space, return to the same point after millions years, as could be appreciated by the numerical example will be given forward. In other themes, forward will be seen that particles with inherent energy can multiply this effect, with multiple interchanges of this energy. Here the kinetic energy produced by the remanent gravity is double than the kinetic energy with which the light corpuscle was emitted; this in accordance with the entropy particles of mechanophysics that consider that all the particles of the Universe have a fixed energy that is not lost nor win in any process we consider In accordance with our model the corpuscles of light are integrated with the nugravity in the surface of the “corresponding” proton with the quantity of nugravity in each corpuscle, enough to act producing the braking effect during all the returning time, with a force can be determined with the law of Newton acting in a corpuscle placed in the surface of the proton, by the proton exclusively. If the rays of the light are produced by atomic particles that are in a heavy celestial body, the remanent gravity in each light corpuscle will grow, so is required to sum the remanent gravity of the proton (nugravity) plus the remanent gravity produced by the heavy celestial body (astrogravity) all these in such way that the return distance trajectory will be smaller than that produced by a body (in vacuum space) emitted with a velocity little bad smaller than that of escape velocity as would be in the case of a celestial body with a mass that approximates to that of a black hole.

An emitted corpuscle of light will return to the point it was emitted due to the return effect produced by the nugravity, the force produced by nugravity, in accordance with our model is:

Fp = G M m / r² = 6.673 x 10^{-- 11} x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} /(1.7142951 x 10^{-- 14})² = 5.5915227 x 10^{-- 60} Kg m / Sec² G = 6.673 x 10^{-- 11} m³ / Kg Sec². = constant of universal gravitation. M = mass of proton (Kg) m = mass of a corpuscle (Kg) r = radius of the proton (m)

0.5 m c² = 0.5 x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} (3 x 10⁸)² = 6.62562 x 10^{-- 34} joule = 1 quantum of energy

As the positive particle of the binary system is affected directly by the remanent gravity (nugravity), we suspect that the electrons are not affected directly by the gravity. The time required for the corpuscle affected by the remanent gravity to return due to the corresponding force F would be:

2 tp = 2 m c / Fp = 2 x 1.47236 x 10^{-- 50} x 3 x 10⁸ / 5.5915227 x 10^{-- 60} = 1.57992 x 10¹⁸ Sec.

In accordance with the theories of expanding Universe, they consider that at a distance equal to: 4 x 10¹⁰ to 6 x 10¹⁰ light years there are galaxies that recede to a velocity equal to that of light 5 x 10¹⁰ x 31,557,600 = 1.57788 x 10¹⁸ Sec. = 2 tp 31,557,600 Sec. = 1 year.

About the return distance in a black hole it could be from a limited distance to practically zero distance, so the light corpuscles do not escape from it. In accordance with the concept of continuous action, if an electron emits (n) corpuscles (as those of light) they get light velocity with a kinetic energy equal to n h (n quantum) and the electron, with less velocity, gets a kinetic energy equal to the fore one, but in the opposite way (action = reaction). In accordance with this and with mechanophysics explained the theory of the polygonal orbits of the orbital electrons around the nucleus of the atom. In each vertex of the polygonal orbit of an orbital electron is produced a deflection of it, due to an interior impulse produced by a propeller particle m⊥n , with (n) light corpuscles that deflect the trajectory of the electron in order to follow its corresponding polygonal orbit. If the deflection is bigger than that corresponding to its orbit, the propulsion effect is manifested in an exterior way, with a radiation. If we consider that in each vertex of the polygonal orbit the particle moves along the diameter of the electron, from the in-side to the out-side, interchange its kinetic energy with the rlectron, in order to produce the deflection when the impulse is an interior one; and also to produce an exterior radiation if the impulse is bigger.

Monterrey, Mexico, August 12, 1996 Manuel de Hoyos Robles

April /2007

HYDROGENIZED MODEL OF ATOM (corrected theme)

In the fore theme of Return Distance was simplified in a great deal the concept of fields, because they were considered in their structure, not as something characteristic of all the space of the Universe, but only characteristic of a limited space of the mentioned Universe, corresponding to the interacting bodies (or particles), in such limited space.

Now that we are working in the electrotherapy have had all kind of problems, from that produced by impertinent persons, to technical ones, because this we developed a very much satisfactory model of electric current, but this was not enough, due some persons are too much skeptic. We are not skeptics, but too much exigent with our work, so we began to work trying to make a model of atom that fulfill a series of required conditions, with much more success than that we expected. In doing this I remember a good friend of mine, that since I began to work with mechanophysics, he was very much cooperative with me, encouraging and stimulating my work, all this in spite he was supporter of modern physics, I refer to Dr. Rodolfo Castillo Bahena, he was director and professor of the Physics Department in the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey: his indications, commentaries, and critics were very much useful, I remember in one occasion he commented me that in order that the mechanophysics could be accepted, it would be necessary to give a model of atom with certain characteristics. Because then I had many ideas in my head, I considered this as a simple conversation, but now I consider it as a prophesy (now also have many ideas, but try to be more organized).

With the structure of the atoms it is possible to make a great simplification, and we believe that with this it is possible to make great progress in this field. Till now it has been considered the nucleus of an atom formed by a determined quantity of protons and neutrons, making a unitary structure, affecting in this way to all the orbital electrons, and viceversa. With this criterion have been given different models of nuclei affected with many complexities and deficiencies. Here will be given a model by far more simple that will simplify its investigation and understanding; in this model will be considered that each orbital electron is only affected in a direct way by its corresponding proton and neutron; to this structure we will call: binary system. The intervention of a binary system in the other ones of the atoms will be minimum in all the normal conditions and only could be appreciated in an evident way in phenomena of radioactivity or half life of atoms; in which is manifested the interference of a binary system with another one. With respect to the spectrums produced by the excited atoms, they could be explained by indirect or secondary interaction of a binary system with other ones.

The medullar point of a binary system is that the electron and the positive particle work in a synchronized way emitting jn an interior way their propeller fluids every time of vertex, but this is because other effects also are synchronized; a car can move because has a motor, but its movement is not arbitrary, but in accordance with a driver that controls it, next are going to see some facts that contribute in the control of the behavior of the binary systems. In order that a binary system is not affected by other (s) one and vice-versa, as was say, it will be considered that in a general way, either the electrons, as the protons of each binary system, have a determined side or face were their propeller fluids are emitted, in the corresponding side are received and absorbed the microcorpuscles of the electric fields that excite the atomic particles (their propeller fluids); the amplitude of this side permits a small tolerance given by a small solid angle, in such way that can exist variations (in the orbital electrons) in the spectral lines (s, p, d, f). If the atomic particles (electron or proton) receive the corpuscles of the electric field in a different side than the fore mentioned, the microcorpuscles are not absorbed, not exciting the atomic particle; they can move to avoid this problem.binary systems, but if with two complete different ways can arrive to the same results, the fore objection is demerit. We can continue without impediment, so for a heavy atom as gold: Au, for example: Z = 79; A = 197, we can imagine a structure formed by 79 binary systems, of them 39 have the positive particle formed with one proton + one neutron; and 39 formed with one proton + two neutrons. in the 7 shell (?) 2 with one proton: 39 x 3 + 39 x 2 + 2 x 1 = 197.

In accordance with the characteristics of a binary system, the orbital electron and the positive particle spin around the center of the nucleus of atom in a synchronized way, the orbital electron at a distance equal to the radius of the shell; the positive particle to the fore distance divided by 1836 / 4 = 459; . 459 me = m1+ / 4. The positive particle could be triple mass = 1 proton + 2 neutrons, double mass = 1proton + 1 neutron; single mass = 1 proton. Although we are ignorant of chemistry knowledge, also we believe in the future could be determined different chemical affinities in function of the mass of the positive particles of the binary systems of the seven shell . Both particles (+ -) describe their corresponding polygonal orbit of a similar shape, around the center of the nucleus, but of course of different radius of gyration, so that it is considered that the orbital electrons move in shells, the positive particles will move in a nushells (forming the nucleus of the atom). The size of the nushells, by far are smaller that their corresponding shells, also the size of the orbital electron compared with that of the positive particles, in the first or most interior nushell hardly is space for two moving positive particles, so it can be explained why in the first shell only can spin two orbital electrons. In Fig.(1), second orbit, with O is represented the center of the nucleus of the atom, that also is the center of gyration of the binary system; PN is the positive particle; E the orbital electron; rN the radius of gyration of the positive particle; Rn the radius of gyration of the negative particle (orbital electron)

When the orbital electron moves in the: n = 7 shell (most external shell); Rn = R7 = 1.1376 x 10^—8 cm = radius of the atom. The radius of gyration of the positive particle: rN = r7 = 4 Rn / 1,836 = 4 R7 / 1,836 = 4 x 1.1376 x 10^—8 / 1,836 = 2.484 x 10^—11 cm = radius of the nucleus (nushell) For: n = 1 orbit :r1 = 2.484 x 10^—11 / 7 = 3.5486 x 10^{-- 12} cm.(*about two radiuses of proton, (see Fig. 4)

The electron E moves in a polygonal orbit, for correlated reasons the proton PN moves in asynchronized way in another polygonal orbit, smaller than that of E. For the orbital electron to deflect in a vertex of its orbit (7) it is required an energy to produce the velocity of deflection v (see Fig.2)

v⊥7 = 2 x 309 Sin 6^o 43 = 69.1 Km./ Sec. (7a orbit); 6º.43 x 28 = 180º

The energy of deflection of the electron is : E7 = 0.5 me v⊥7² = 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 28} (6.91 x 10⁶ )² = 2.175 x 10^{-- 14} erg. In a vertex of the 7 polygonal orbit is formed a field affecting the orbital electron of the binary system and other similar one affecting the positive particle (this in accordance with a model). d = 2 r Sin (180 / 28) = 2 x 1.13673 x 10^..10 = 2.51 x 10^—11 m ≈ 2.55 x 10^--11 m

Considering the length of each side of the polygonal orbit: d = 2.55 x 10^{-- 9} cm, and also considering in Fig.(2) there is a proportion between velocities and distances, is obtained the deflection distance:..

.

21

.

.

.

.

SUPERFLUID HELIUM 3 (corrected theme)

In a newspaper dated October 10, 1996, I read that 3 Americans: David Lee, Douglas Osheroff and Robert Richardson won the Nobel Prize of Physics 1996, because their discovery of the fluidity of helium 3, a progress in the low temperature physics that was realized at the beginning of the decade 1970 in the University of Cornell in New York. In accordance with the data of the news paper they discovered that the helium 3 can became superfluid at a temperature of 0^o.002 K.

With respect to the report of the newspaper, I do not know if the names of the Nobel Prize winners are correct, what is wrong is datum of temperature, because the so called lambda temperature is 2^o.2 K. In the lambda point the helium pass from the gaseous state to the liquid one, as seen with the helium 3. In He4 the two binary systems are equilibrated; for this reason the helium 4 evaporates toward the upper atmosphere in form of separated atoms, this is because the helium is lighter than the air. In the helium 3, the 2 binary systems are different. The helium in liquid state, because its viscosity, does not evaporate, and a multimolecule, because its relative great mass, behaves as a liquid; it does not evaporate, but as is lighter than air tries to climb up the wall of the recipient that contain it, this because its adhesive property characteristic of a liquid state is stronger than the tendency to evaporate toward the upper atmosphere.

In our theme: Model of Electric Current, was obtained the electric currents, that move along multimolecules, each one formed by a line of atoms, forming a chain with: n = 2,497,996 atoms / multimolecule. In a transversal section of a conductor, behind each atom of the section could be formed the multimolecules were the current’s electrons move from the lower potential toward the higher one of the conductor. In our case of current, in every one of the multimolecules is moving one current’s electron, as was specified in the mentioned theme; can be considered that not all the multimolecules required by the current in a given time are working at the same time with a moving electron of the current, but only one in (n) of the mentioned multimolecules, and we say this, because it is considered that for a multimolecule to work, it is required that the orbit of the current’s electron behaves as was specified with the spin velocity, the time of jump and of multimolecule given, etc. With this criterion, as could be appreciated, the most logical seems the maximum simplification. In an atom of helium 4 there are two binary systems formed each one with a negative particle with one orbital electron and a positive particle with one proton + one neutron; if both binary systems move in opposite sides, the helium 4 will have equal spin. Now it is going to see an atom of helium 3, in this case, one binary system is formed by a negative particle with one orbital electron and one positive particle with one proton + one neutron; and the other binary system is formed by a negative particle with one orbital electron, and one positive particle with one proton.

Every binary system spin in a synchronized way, for to attain this the orbit of the shell must be similar (equal number of sides and vertices) than the orbit of the nushell, the only difference will be the dimension of them; the dimension of the shell must be proportional to the velocity of the orbital electron and the dimension of the nushell must be proportional to the velocity of the positive particle. As the positive particle can be formed with three different masses, that is: one orbital proton (single mass); one orbital proton + one neutron (double mass), and one orbital proton + two neutrons (triple mass). When a sample of an element almost get 0^o K temperature could be imagined that all the movement ceases to act, this could mean that the binary systems would stop moving, this, because at 0^o K the atoms are destroyed, but this is not so, in contradiction with the theory that considers that heat is produced by the kinetic energy of the atomic particles. At practically 0^o K temperature, the binary systems continue moving into the atoms as have been specified in the models and maybe because this have never reached a real 0^o K temperature. In a binary system the negative particle or electron has the maximum energy that oppose to reach the 0^o K temperature, as was say, but also the positive particle contribute to this.

From the book: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, by Abraham Pais, are the following paragraphs: In December 1924 Einstein wrote to Ehrenfest from a certain temperature on the molecules “condense” without attractive forces, that is, they accumulate at zero velocity. Until 1938, the Bose-Einstein condensation had the reputation of having only a purely imaginary character. This phase transition was not discovered until 1928 by Willem Hendrik Keesib. In 1938 Flitz London proposed interpreting the helium transition as a Bose-Einstein condensation. Experimentally, the transition point lies at: T = 2^o 19 K. In accordance with their theory: T = 3^o.1 K. It is generally believed, but not proved that the difference between this two values is due to the neglecting of intermolecular forces in the theoretical derivation.

The concept of temperature is related with that of movement, in such way that some physicists consider that at zero Kelvin temperature all kind of movement ceases to act; this definition is ambiguous, because at that temperature the orbital electrons move with their great velocity around the nuclei of the atoms. We can imagine a macroscopic body moving at great velocity in the outer space at temperature almost zero degree Kelvin. From the most elementary particles, as the light corpuscles, to the atoms or molecules, can move at great velocity at zero Kelvin temperature while they are not affected directly by other particles, or by themselves. In all these cases the particles have a potential energy that is manifested when there is an intersection with them and the medium in which they move, this interaction could be by absorption, reflection, collision, etc.

In the XIX century the physicists believed that all the laws of physics were known and that progress of the science will be obtained by more detailed knowledge; with the discovery of the atomic particles and with modern physics the fore concept had a radical change, in such a way that the physics’ world was considered too complex. Now with mechanophysics we are returning to the concepts that the physicists had of classic physics before modern physics born; nevertheless it is not prudent to be too optimist, because if it is seen with ampler criterion the fields in which physics acts or intervene, can be applied in chemistry, in biology, etc.

As the objective of a mechanophysics is to find true facts with true and objective theories or laws, in all these papers have been proved that this is feasible and that it is not required to employ theories with false structure, as those of modern physics, for to find real facts. From the mentioned book of Abraham Pais is the following paragraph.

Physicists -good physicists- enjoy scientific speculations in private but tends to frown upon it when done in public. They are conservative revolutionaries resisting innovations as long as possible and at all intellectual cost, but embracing it when the evidence is incontrovertible. If they do not, physics tends to pass them by. I would amplify the fore paragraph by saying: that ,more important than the conservative spirit, are the resulting facts obtained by the recognition of the new ideas. In our case is more important the life of the sick people (see electrotherapy) than the conservative spirit of modern physics.

It was say that at a temperature near 0^o K a binary system of an atom can moves without incrementing such temperature; if the fore happens with the orbital electron of one atom, also could happens with a multimolecule. Till now have been considered the multimolecules for to explain the movement of the current´s electrons, later will be seen that the sound can move along them. From all say before it is not find any trouble for the electron of the multimolecule to move along this, without affecting the near 0^o K temperature. It is well known that when the temperature diminishes, the gaseous substances try to became to a liquid state and the liquid substances try to became solid substances; the fore one only could be explained considering that the multimolecules of the substance try to unite one to each other, and for to do this, the nultimolecule electron of one multimolecule will jump to the adjacent multimolecule, and for to do this it is forceful to be produced an ionization effect. This means that if by one side, with the fore effect at the same time will be produce an increment of the temperature. The ionization of helium is 24.6 eV.

In a gas its particles or atoms have not enough cohesion, so they can move freely; this happens with helium at normal temperature. At very low one (lambda temperature: 2^o2 K) the helium is transformed in a liquid substance; this means that its atoms can form multimolecules. The fore mentioned is an external effect, that in a great deal reduces its kinetic effects. But into the atoms their orbital electrons have great velocities: v7 = 308,570 m / Sec. In a binary system formed with a positive particle, equal to one proton, this will moves into its nushell with a velocity: v7´ = 4 v7 / 1,836 = 672.27 m / Sec. With the fore values can obtain the kinetic inherent energy of the atom; this energy of the electron is:

Ke = 0.5 me v7² = 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 x 308,570² = 4.3366 x 10^—20 joule For the positive particle formed with one proton we have: K+ = 0.5 m+ v´7² = 0.5 x 1.673 x 10^—27 x 672.27² = 3.7805 x 10^—22 joule. The inherent kinetic energy, due to one orbital electron and the positive particle is: Ke + 1.5 K+ = 4.3366 x 10^—20 + 1.5 x 3.7805 x 10^—22 = 4.3933 x 10^—20 joule.

Energy of ionization: Ki = 24.6 x 1.6 x 10^—19 = 3.936 x 10^{-- 18} joule /2 electrons. = 1.968 x 10^—18 joule / 1 orbital electron. The two orbital electrons practically get ionized simultaneously, and with the same magnitude; so the ionization energy for one orbital electron is the half of the indicated in the tables; so the temperature produced by an orbital electron is:, in accordance with Boltzmann´s law: TΣ = 2K / 3 k = 2 x 1.963 x 10^{-- 18} / 3 x 1.38 x 10^—23 = 95,072^o.5 K.

The inherent energy of the atom is produced, mainly by two orbital electrons, acting in three AMU., so each AMU is affected by 2 Ke / 3. The temperature produced by the ionization by one atom is distributed in all the atoms of a multimolecule; and also, as was say in (3 AMU / 2) of the ionized atom; and this lambda temperature is proportional to the ionization potential of the atom and inverse proportional to the inherent kinetic energy of the atom; so we have:

Tλ= TΣ (Ki / Ke) / nm = 95,072.5 (2 / 3) (3.926 x 10^—18 / 4.3933 x 10^—20) / (2.5 x 10⁶) =

2.^o27 ≈ 2.^o2 ^oK

Monterrey, México, October 15, 1996; March 28, 1998; March /07

Manuel de Hoyos Robles BINARY SYSTEMS WITH POSITIVE PARTICLES HEAVIER THAN ONE PROTON. (corrected theme) Å---- pendiente

In all the problems of mechanophysics dealing with atoms have been considered them with a radius equal to: r7 = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 8} cm. In many cases this does not affect our final result, because there are some compensate effects, in such way that if some values grow because the approximate data, others diminish by the same reason and when act simultaneously there is a reduction of errors instead of a sum or accumulation of them. But not always happens so, it has been observed that not all the atoms have the same diameter. In some cases it could be explained this variation considering that the diameter of the atoms grow due to the increment of temperature; could be other increments or decrements of the diameter of the atoms due to other effects, for instance if they are compressed, if they combine with other atoms in a chemical way, etc., but all these variations are not due to the structure of the binary systems, but to different physical ,chemical, geometrical distribution of the atoms, etc., and they do not contribute in a really evident way in the variation of the diameter of the atoms in our everyday normal conditions; of course, at very high temperatures and pression, the structure of the atoms is affected.

Considering the structure of the atoms as a sphere has been employed a method for to determine the diameter of the atoms (see book: Chemistry by Michell D. Sienko and Robert A. Plane; Cornell University teachers), for instance: if there is a sample of atoms with a unitary volume, and it is known the atomic mass of each atom, it would be easy to determine the volume occupied by each atom, knowing the weight of the sample. But we can not confide in this method because in the sample the atoms can be distributed in different ways, by different circumstances, and this could give us different densities; all this, if it is considered the atoms occupying fixed spheres; but imagine hydrogen atoms, with only one orbital electron each one; from a mathematical point of view the effective volume of a hydrogen atom is as a disc with a diameter equal to: 2 r7 and in the volume of a sphere with the fore diameter there is space for many discs, as the fore mentioned.

Due to the fore indeterminations, it would not be easy to determine how much press it is required to give to gaseous sample for to determine the real dimension of the atoms of the sample. The more trust way to find the real volume of the atom would be by a more direct way and this is not so easy problem as the fore mentioned method. In our model made in accordance with mechanophysics have been made some special considerations for to simplify some explanations, as for example: to consider an isometric distribution of the atoms, a radius of the seven shell: r7 = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m, that the atoms of a multimolecule are aligned in a straight line, that the 7 orbit of one electron of an atom does not penetrate in the seventh shell of an adjacent atom, in a given moment and circumstance; that the velocities of the orbital electrons have fixed values, etc. Because all these divergence have been tried to make models in such way to obtain compensate effects and at the same time to orient the theory for to obtain ,more precise models with data more fondness with reality. In this theme will not be given a direct method to determine the real diameter of an atom in the practice, here will limit to determine it in a theoretical way, and in this way will be considered such diameter determined by the dimension of the binary systems of the seventh shell; when the binary system was formed by one proton as positive particle, it was considered the diameter: 2r7 = 2 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m. But if the positive particle is formed by a proton + one or two neutrons, the fore value would not be exact as will be seen forward. For to analyze the problem of a binary system, forward is seen with a positive particle with one proton and two neutrons. First will be seen the binary system with a positive particle formed with one proton, in this binary system, its orbital electron has a translation velocity equal to: v7 = 308,571 m / Sec. and the positive particle has its translation velocity equal to: v7’ = 4 x 308,571 / 1836 = 672.268

m / Sec. and a radius of gyration: r+7 = 4 x 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} / 1836 = 2.4785 x 10^{-- 13} m.

The kinetic energy of the orbital electron is: Ke = 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 31} x 308,571² = 4.3367 x 10^—20 joule The kinetic energy of the positive particle: K+ = 0.5 x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 672.268² = 3.77938 x 10^—22 joule.

Now let see a binary system with a positive particle formed with: 1 proton + 2 neutrons. If it is considered a gyration axis as the fore seen binary system, then the orbit of the electron will be: re7’ = re7 = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m. its velocity: ve7’ = 308,571 m / Sec. Its kinetic energy: Ke´ = 0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^{-- 31} x 308,670² = 4,3367 x 10^—20 joule. v7‘ = 672.26 m / Sec; r+7‘ = 2.4785 x 10^—13 m Its kinetic energy: K+ = 0.5 x 3 x 1.6725 x 10^{-- 27} x 672.268² = 1.13887 x 10^{-- 21} joule The time of deflection of the positive particle will be in the nushell: t>7 = 3 x 4.47 x 10^—20 Sec.

For a binary system formed with a positive particle with one proton + one neutron, the radius of gyration of the orbital electron is: re7’ = 1.13763 x 10^{-- 10} m ve7’ = 308,570 m / Sec. The radius of the positive particle: r+‘ = 2.4785 x 10^{-- 13} = m.; etc, etc.

Monterrey, México, Dicember 10, 01 Manuel de Hoyos Robles INTERPRETATION OF THE EXPERIMENT OF MICHELSON AND MORLEY WITH THE ABERRALOGY

The following papers were take from a book I made in 1972 of the investigation work of my father Estanislao R de Hoyos, in the aberralogy and in an objective physics, since before the second world war. Practically all the work is presented as he conceived it, except some commentaries and amplifications I made to actualize it in the mentioned year 1972 Before interpreting the results of this experiment, it is going to be given an explanation of such experiment. From the book: La Teoria de la Relatividad by Alfred Wulf, Tacubaya, México, 1924, is the following translation:

In Fig.(32), where details have been omitted to simplify the understanding, is shown the interferometer of the physicist of the University of Chicago, Michelson. It consist of two fixed arms, perpendicular one to each other, with the same length and with the mirrors E1 and E2 in their extremities. In the crossing of both arms there is a semitransparent mirror W, inclined an angle of 45^o, that lets pass part of the light that proceeds from the luminous point L, and the other part of this light is reflected. So that there are obtained two rays that propagate perpendicularly one to each other toward the mirrors E1 and E2 were they are reflected, returning to W, from here they continue united as far as the telescope of observation T. As the Earth’s movement has different influence in both rays the light need different times, according with the classic theory, to move over the equal paths WE1 and WE2. Due to this, it is necessary to prove that the returning rays suffer in W the reciprocal effect known as interference The telescope T is to observe the interference stripes produced by both rays. All the instrument is installed so that it could be turned around, that is ,either the arm WE1 or the arm WE2 could be oriented in the direction of the Earth’s movement. If the instrument is turned around 90^o, so that WE2 be in the direction mentioned before, it could be expected that the same interference stripes appear as they looked in the direction WE1, having as only difference their movement to the opposite side, but being their displacement equal to those due to the position WE1. This instrument was perfected by Michelson by continuous reforms, until obtaining an instrument of precision with a usefulness without precedent till now; thanks to it, it is possible to obtain a precision of one hundredth of the effect calculated in advance, but as was explained before, the experiment has given negative results, because the instrument did not show the influence of the Earth’s movement....

The interpretation of this experiment by the aberralogy can be resumed to the following: Since the observer and the luminous fountain are in the same system (the Earth), both are affected by the same movements, velocities, magnitudes, etc., that the Earth imposes on both, in the same magnitude, so that the observer can not notice any movement of the Earth by observing the luminous focus, he needs to observe another body outside the system; although the problem is too clear, it is going to be subdivided in all the parts that are necessary to study them, with the aberralogy; this, beside a more complete proof, will show us that the experiment is only a combination of cases of aberralogy and not a different phenomenon, as it has been interpreted.

Suppose an observer expecting to appreciate the movement of the Earth with the Michelson & Morley’s experiment; when obtaining negative results, was not satisfied with this, and tried to find the “error” running over the trajectory of the light, observing space by space. Starting from the luminous point L, will arrive to W, from this point he will observe the light coming from L, in this case the body L is approaching with velocity v’, to the observer in W, simultaneously, the observer recedes from W with velocity: v = v’, because both velocities are equal to the velocity of the Earth, the formula which will give the aberrated time due to the movement of the Earth is:

tr = ta (1 - v / c) / (1- v’ / c) = ta . . . . (2,3)

from here it is deduced that the movement of the Earth does not modify the time that the light expends to run over this space.

Now the observer has moved to E1, and from here he will see the light coming from W (in this case W will represent the luminous point); this case is exactly equal to the fore one (space LW) and the movement of the Earth will not affect the time that light spends to run over this other space, as it would be appreciated by any observer that would be displacing in the same system.

If the observer now returns to W, following the route as the ray of light mentioned did, he will see the light reflected from the mirror in E1 arriving to him as if E1 were the luminous point. The observer in W approaches with velocity v, and the luminous point (here E1 is equivalent to a luminous point) E1 recedes with velocity v’, the formula of the time aberrated by the movement of the Earth, will be:

tr = ta (1 + v / c) / (1 + v’ / c) = ta . . . . (1,4)

here: v = v’ = Earth’s velocity

Here the movement of the Earth does not affect the time that light expends to run over the trajectory. It just has been seen before, that the movement of the Earth does not affect the time expended by the light to run over the trajectory given before (trajectory parallel to the Earth’s movement)

Let us see now the case of a trajectory of the light perpendicular to the movement of the Earth. Now the observer moves to E2, and from here he sees the light ray coming from W, that in this case, W represents the luminous point. To be in accordance with the nomenclature of the formulas of time and frequency aberrated, we are going to express with O to the observer in E2, and with On the displaced observer in A, to the luminous point W, by F (see Fig. 33, 34).

As in this case, either the observer O as the luminous body F, move parallel to each other and with a velocity: v = v’ = Earth’s velocity. It is convenient to analyze the problem in two phases. 1) Supposing the observer is moving and the luminous body motionless.

2) Supposing the resultant of the first phase combined with the luminous body moving.

First phase: Observer moving, luminous body motionless. In this condition the observer will appreciate the luminous body in an aberrated time tp (preberrated) in accordance with the following formula: tr c = [(tp c)² + (tp v)² - 2 tp² c v Cos θn]0.5 . . . . (6); tr = real time.

From the fore formula (6), is discovered the preberrated time: tp tp² = [ (tr c )² / ( c² + v² - 2c v Cos �n )] . . . . (6’)

This time that is aberrated (preberrated) for the first phase, that is, the resultant originated by the combination of the movements of the observer and the light; for the second phase will be the real time, and starting with this for the second phase we find the transberrated time due to the movement of the luminous body combined with the resultant of the first phase. In synthesis, the transberrated time of the second phase, is equivalent to the aberrated time of both phases’ system, due to the movement of the observer (first phase) plus the movement of the luminous body (second phase).

Applying the formula (8) of frequency, or time transberrated tt and taking in account the fore indications, it is obtained:

tr c = [ (tt c)² + (tt v’)² - 2 tt² c v’ Cos θn ]0.5 . . . . (8)

We are going to substitute these values in the fore formula (8), so as to be in accordance with the literal of formula (6’):

tt c = [(tr c)² / (c² – v² - 2 c v´ Cos θn]0.5 . . . . (8’)

Substituting formula (6’) in this, we have: (c² + v’² - 2 c v’ Cos θn) / (c² + v² - 2 c v Cos Οn) = 1

FIRST LAW OF THE DOUBLE FLUID THEORY

If we study more widely the theory of the double fluid, we could see that the emitted-received fluid can have different velocities, so we refer ourselves to the interaction between atomic particles or

between bodies perceived directly by our sensorial organs, etc., For the case of the gravity emitted- received fluid, we will consider it, equal to light velocity. If the body that emits the gravity fluid, is fixed, and the body that receives it, is moving, this could be appreciated as the fluid having light velocity plus the vectoriall sum of the velocity of the moving (and receiving) body; if the emitting

body is moving and the receiving one is fixed; or if both bodies are moving, we can make identical considerations, all in accordance with the aberralogy.

As we have just seen, the aberralogy permits us to appreciate one type of emitted-received fluid that can have different velocities. This variation of velocities has a notable influence; based on the fact that the energy with which the emitted-received fluid is received, is proportional to the square of the reception velocity divided by ( c),as seen this by a series of observations of different phenomena, was deduced the following law, that is going to be called: First law of the double fluid theory, that says: The energy of the propeller fluid is proportional to the square of the velocity with which the emitted-received fluid is incremented. The limitation of this law could have by interference with other phenomenon, are not going to be mentioned here, due to the lack of space.It is important to make clear that the wearing out of masses produced by the gravity fluids, is so insignificant that the changes (additions or reductions) are due mainly to other effects that are much bigger.

DEFLECTION OF A RAY OF LIGHT IN A GRAVITATORY FIELD.

Before we study this problem I am going to reproduce some paragraphs of the book: “Electromagnetism & Relativity” by Edmund P. Ney, page 107.

Deflection of Light in the Gravitational Field of a Star. In 1801 a German mathematician named Soldner, calculated the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the Sun. His result which we reproduce here leads to the prediction of a deflection of 0”.87 seconds of arc. Shortly after developing the general theory, Einstein calculated the deflection and got the same result. however, he later developed the theory and found that general relativity actually predicts a value twice as large, or 1”.75 of arc. The experiment was first performed in 1919, and the result reported was 1.”7 of arc. The experiment is difficult, and more recent experiments have not agreed with this theory as the 1919 experiment, This prediction of the theory can only be considered to be confirmed to an accuracy of perhaps 20 %. The procedure of the experiment, is to photograph a star field around the Sun during a total eclipse (so that the stars are visible). Six months later, when the same stars are visible at night, the star field is photographed again. The displacement of the apparent positions of the stars can be measured by comparing the two photographs.

Soldner’s derivation. The transverse momentum P⊥, imparted to an object of mass m can be shown to be given at point P (see figure 68) by: dP⊥ = 

G M m CosΘ dΘ / c R The total transversal momentum is:

P⊥ =

dP⊥ =

-G M m Cos Θ dΘ / cR = 2 G M m / c R . . . . (42)
The angle : φ = P⊥ / P = (2 G M m /c R) / m c = 2 G M / c² R radians . . . . (43’)

Substitution in this formula for the case of the Sun, leads to the “classical” value: φ = 0”.87 of arc. Note that although the mass of the photon cancels itself out in the derivation, the mass must be finite, i.e. m ≠ 0, and this was not established in prerelativity physics. It could also be emphasized that Soldner’s value is only half the correct value given by the general theory.

The determination of the angle φ by the relativity theory is not going to be effectuate here, because it is not necessary in this study. In the determination of the angle φ by Soldner, he gave the gravity force an instantaneous action, but this is not the case, because the gravity has light velocity, and we have to take in account the aberralogy. First we consider the light corpuscles moving from P to Q as in Fig.68. When the corpuscle that we take passes by point P with c velocity, it meets a gravity ray with practically the same velocity that moves in the OP direction, the velocity that meet both rays is equal to the vectorial sum of their velocities. In Fig. 69 we have represented by cx the velocity of the corpuscle of light, and by c the velocity of the gravity that meets the light ray (or the corpuscle of light), and by ca the velocity of reception of the emitted-received fluid by light corpuscle.

Distance OP = R / Cos Θ

Distance PP’ = dS = R dΘ/ Cos² Θ

OP dΘ / Cos Θ =

Gravity force on a corpuscle at point P, according with Newton’s law, is: F = G M m / (R / Cos Θ)²; here: m = 1.47236 x 10^—50 Kg. mass of a light corpuscle; M = 1.983 x 10³⁰ Kgs. mass of the Sun; R = 7 x 10⁸ m The resultant of this gravity force perpendicular to trajectory PQT (but in the same plane PQO) is: F⊥ = G M m Cos Θ / (R / Cos Θ)² = G M m Cos³ Θ / R² = perpendicular force

The momentum of the corpuscle in the point we are considering or any other point of the trajectory PQT is practically constant (= mcx) and in the same way of the trajectory. The momentum normally the trajectory is obtained multiplying the normal component of the gravity force by dt (time differential). With both magnitudes we make the triangle of Fig. 70 and obtain the deviation angle dφ for the chosen point. The sum of all these angles dφ will give us the total angular deviation φ , and because this angle is very small, we consider the normal in the trajectory equal to the normal of the straight line PQT, without appreciable error.

dφ= G M m Cos³ Θ dt / m cx R²

We solve the problem by the principle of impulse and momentum. dS = PP’ = (PO) dΘ / Cos Θ = R dΘ / Cos² Θ = cx dt

cx = velocity of the corpuscle dt = = = R d

differential of timedS / cxΘ / cx Cos² Θ

dF⊥ = F⊥ dt = (G M m Cos³ Θ / RW²) (R dΘ / cx Cos² Θ) = G M m CosΘ dΘ / cxR

We are going to consider the corpuscle moving as indicated by the arrow. When the corpuscle is in P, the gravity fluid is moving from O to P with velocity c, equal to light velocity. The corpuscle moves with a velocity equal to cx in the direction PP’Q, so that this corpuscle receives the gravitatory ray with an aberrated velocity:

ca = (cx² + c² + 2 c cx Sen Θ)^0.5 (69)

In accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory of the aberralogy, the increment of energy that produce the radiation (of gravity) is proportional to the square of the increment of velocity with which is received such radiation. So we have that the increment of the action of gravity is equal to: ca / c. Here ca = incremented velocity of gravity (see fugure 69). As velocity of gravity is equal to velocity of light c = cx; In accordance with the principle of impulse and momentum and considering the increment (ca / c), of the gravity force by aberration, and the first law of the double fluid theory, we have:

ca² / c² = (cx² +c² + 2 cx c Sinθ ) / c² = 2 + 2 Sinθ The angle of deflection is: dφ=d P⊥ / P ; dP = dF P = mcx φ = dP⊥ / P ; Considering the increment of the action of gravity:

φ =

P⊥ dt ca² / (c² m c) =

(-G M m / c R) Cos θ dθ (ca² / c² m c) =

(-G M / c² R) (2 + 2 Sin θ) Cos θ dθ = 2 G M / c² R

Sin θ 2 G M / c² R

Sin²θ / 2

= 4 G M / c² R + 0 Radians =

4 x 6.673 x 10^—11 x 1.983 x 10³⁰ / [ (3 x10⁸)² x 1.4 x 10⁸ ] = 8.4 x 10^—6 Rad. = 206,265 x 8.4 x 10^—6 = 1.¨73.

The experiment of the eclipse of the Sun is not very good, because the rays of light that pass near the Sun are affected by the refraction of its atmospnere.

DETERMINATION OF THE PRECESSION OF THE PERIHELIUM OF A SATELLITE WITH AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. (change from logarithms calculation to scientific calcuculator)

Suppose a satellite that moves in an orbit as the one shown in Fig. 71. In this figure, O is the attraction center, and corresponds to one of the foci of the ellipse. We are going to represent by the distance OP the radius, and it will change it magnitude in function of the angle Θ. r = a (1 - E²) / (1 + E Cos Θ) . . . . (44) dr = 

a (1 - E²) E Sin Θ dΘ / (1 + E Cos Θ)² . . (45) E = eccentricity

In the first place we are going to consider the satellite moving without any aberralogic effect; in this condition the velocity of the satellite could be obtained using the second Kepler’s law, which considers the radius covering equals areas in equal times. To fulfill this condition, the velocity of the satellite must be in a proportion inversely to the radius of the orbit. If (v) is the velocity, this velocity too, will be a function of the angle for the same reason we mentioned before. Considering the aberralogic effects, and giving gravity light velocity, then for a given time, the satellite will move from P to P’ (distance dS), with the velocity (v) specified, this velocity can be divided in two:

1) one radial: vr = v dr / [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]0.5 . . . . (46);

2) one normal: v n = v r dθ / [ (r dθ)² + (dr)²]0.5 . . . (47)

Now we are going to determine the velocity (just aberrated) with which the satellite receives the gravity rays. Fig. (71), show us in a bigger scale one piece of trajectory (Fig. 71´). the piece of trajectory that we are studying is the PP’, that has a differential magnitude of first order. To point P corresponds a radius PO, of which only appears one superior piece in the figure. To point P’ correspond a radius P’O. If we prolong the two pieces of radius showed in the figure they will meet at point O; the radius P’O is smaller than PO in a magnitude equal to CP’ (= d r), so that if we rotate the radius PO an angle dθ to the right, the point P will coincide with the C. If in our analysis we approximate to the differential of first order, the arc PC (= r dθ), is confounded with the straight line that joint both points and the angles in P and C can be considered right angles For our analysis it is not enough such approximation, as we will see below, so the trajectory PC will be an arc of circle, as indicated with the pointed line; here the angle in P and in C are really right angles because they are measured between the tangents of the trajectory PC (in the points P and C) and the radiuses. In this last case the angles have grown a quantity equal to dθ / 2 each one. The trajectory PP’ of the satellite, approximated to the differential of first order, also it could be confused with the straight line that join both points; for a better approximation we have to take in account the curvature in that differential piece of curve and make an identical analysis with the piece PC, the angle in P (triangle OPP’ in Fig. 71) will be increased in a quantity equal to dθ / 2 , for this second case this angle in P’ also will increase dθ / 2, for identical reasons. When the satellite arrives at the point P’, this has a trajectory that makes an angle in this point, with the straight line PP’ equal to dθ / 2. Due to the aberralogic effects, the gravity rays seem to come toward the satellite in the direction O’P’, so the angle of the trajectory of the satellite in that point, with the line P’O’ will be equal to an angle; PP’O + 0.5 dθ =

1.5 dθ

The projection of the velocity (in the point P’) of the satellite in the line P’O’ is: (v)po = vr + 1.5 dθ v [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]0.5 / r dθ . . . . (48’)

c = velocity of the gravity fluid; v = velocity of the satellite.

We can make the following proportion: [ (r dθ)² + (dr)² ]0.5 : v :: : r : c; {(r dθ)² + (dr)²]^0.5 = v r / c if we substitute this value and equation (46) in the former equation, we obtain: (v)po = v dr [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]^--0.5 + 1.5 v² / c . . . . (48) In accordance with the Kepler´s law: v r = vm rm ; v = vm rm / r . . . . (52)

For the planet Mercury we have the following: t = one year of Mercury (= 88 Earth’s days)

vm = 47.9 Kms./ Sec. = average translation velocity of Mercury. rm = 57.86 x 10⁶ Kms. = medium radius of the orbit of Mercury E = eccentricity of the orbit = 0.206. a = 58.4872 x 10⁶ Kms. = mayor semiaxis of the elliptic orbit.

C = 2 E / (1 + E²) = 0.395228 . . . . (53)

In the fore paragraph have been defined the characteristics of an elliptic orbit of a planet, as Mercury. Of course these characteristics were obtained by observations and applying the Newton and Kepler´s laws, in which were consider the masses of the Sun, of the planet, the distances, velocities, momemtums or impulses, etc. In accordance with all the fore data was obtained the orbit of the planet Mercury with a great approximation; nevertheless, in 1859, by observations made by Le Verrier, he discovered that the planet Mercury had an acceleration of its perihelion of 43”.8 / century, with respect to the calculations made before with the Newton and Kepler´s laws. The fore discrepancy was interpreted then, due to the action of unknown masses... With the general theory of relativity, Einstein gave a more convincing interpretation, that my father did not accept: He considered that such discrepancy was due to some aberralogic effects, but not only geometrical ones, but energetic ones. The effect of a body or radiation moving at certain velocity is manifested not only in a geometrical way; but at the square of their velocity: This was the first law of the double fluid theory conceived by him, and that has not been recognized till now by the scientific world.

In the fore theme: Deflection of a Ray of Light in a Gravitatory Field was solved the problem mentioned by the tittle of the theme, considering all the physical properties of the interacting elements. Here, with the physical data, and the first law of the double fluid theory, was determine all the require data of the elliptic orbit of Mercury, so our problem will be limited to geometrical and mathematical solutions. In accordance with this we can obtain the time of orbit of the planet without considering the aberratories effects; and also can obtain the increment of the acceleration produced by the aberatories effects, in accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory..

From Figs.(71) can be obtained the following formulas: dt = dS / v = [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]0.5 (r / vm rm)

F⊥ dt ; F⊥ = (G M m π / r²) r dθ [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]^--0.5

F⊥ dt =

(G M m π / r²) r dθ [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]0.5 (r / vm rm) = G M m π dθ / (vm rm) = perpendicular impulse produced by the Sun in the planet in a time (dt). Average impulse that has the planet Mercury: m vm rm = average radius of the orbit; F⊥ = perpendicular force produced by the Sun on the planet. If we account for the small dimension of the angle dθ, practically the aberrated velocity of the received gravity ray by the satellite in the point P’, will be: ca = c + (v π dr) [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]^--0.5 + 1.5 v^2hanophy / c . . . . (49) ca / c = 1 + (v π dr / c)[(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 + 1.5 v² / c² Considering the kinetic aberralogic effects we have ca² / c² = 1 + (2 v π dr / c) [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 + (v π dr / c)² [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—1 + 3 v² / c² + 3 (v3 π dr / c³) [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 + 2.25 v⁴ / c⁴ The last two terms are very much small, affected by (1 / c³) and (1 / c⁴), so we can disregard them. ca² / c² = 1 + (2 v π dr / c) [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 + (v π dr / c)² [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—1 + 3 v² / c² . . . (50´)

In accordance with Kepler´s law, we have: v r = vm rm ; v = vm rm / r . . . . (52) ca² / c² = 1 + (2 vm rm π / c) (dr / r) [ (r dθ)² + (dr)2]—0.5 + (vm2 rm² π² / c²) (dr / r)² [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—

12

+ (3 vm rm2) / (r² c²) . . . . (50)

dr / r = [a (1 – E²) E Sin.θ dθ (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2] [a (1 – E²) (1 + E Cos.θ)^—1]--1 =
E Sin.θ dθ (1+ E Cos.θ)^—1
(r dθ)² + (dr)² = a² (1 – E²)² (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2 [1 + E² Sin.²θ (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2 ] (dθ)² ;

1 + E² Sin.²θ ( + E Cos.θ)^—2 = [(1 + E Cos.θ)² + E² Sin.²θ)] (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2 =
(1 + 2 E Cos.θ + E²) (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2
C = 2 E / (1 + E²)
(1 + 2 E Cos.θ + E²) (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2 = (2 E / C + 2 E Cos.θ) ( 1 + E Cos.θ)^—2 =
(2 E / C) ( 1 + C Cos.θ) (1 + E Cos.θ)^—2

[r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 = [a2 (1 + E²)² (1 + E Cos.θ)^--2]—0.5 [(2 E / C) (1 + C Cos.θ) ] —0.5 (! +
E Cos.θ)^--1]—0.5 (dθ)^—1 = a^—1 (1- E²)^—1 (1 + E Cos.θ)² (2 E / C)^—0.5 (1 + C Cos.θ)^--0.5 (dθ)^—1

(dr / r) [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]—0.5 =
E Sin.θ (1 + E Cos.θ)^—1 (dθ) a^—1 (1 – E²)^—1 (1 + E Cos.θ)² (2 E / C)^—0.5 (1 + C Cos.θ)^—0.5 (dθ)^—1
= A Sin.θ (1 + E Cos.θ) (1 + C Cos.θ)^—0.5 . . . . (50ª)

A = E a^--1 (1 – E²)^—1 (2 E / C)^—0.5 =

0.206 x 5.84872 x 10^—10 (1 –0.042436)^—1 .x 0.206 x 2 / 0.395228)^—0.5 = 0.206 / 5.7181135 x 10^--10 = 3.60257 x 10^—12 m^—1

(dr / r)² [(r dθ)² + (dr)²]–1 = A² Sin.²θ (1 + E Cos.θ)² (1 + C Cos.θ)^—1 . . . . (50´A)

2 B = A (2 vm rm) = 3.60257 x 10^—12 (2 x 4.79 x 10⁴ x 5.786 x 10¹⁰ =

3.60257 x 10^—12 x 5.542988 x 10¹⁵ = 19,969 m / Sec.

Substituting equations (50A) and (50´A) in equation (50) ca² / c² = [ 1 + (2 B π / c) Sin.θ (1 + E Cos.θ) (1 + C Cos.θ)^—0.5 + (B π / c)² Sin.²θ (1 + E Cos.θ)² (1

+ C Cos.θ)^—1 + (3 vm² rm²) / (r² c²) ] dθ . . . .(51)

In accordance with the second aw of the double fluid theory (not well study yet) The fore formula (51) gives a satisfactory mathematical variation of the increment of the velocity of gravity in a planet. The first term (= 1) is proportional to the normal velocity of gravity without any aberration. The second tern gives the lineal aberration produced by the movement of the planet; by now we ccan not affirm that the gravity can affects the planet in a lineal way; it would be interesting study this effect; not only from a mathematical point of view. The third and fourth terms give the aberration gravity not only from a mathematical point of view, but from a physical one, that in accordance with the first law of the double fluid theory increment the effect of gravity in a proportion equal to the square of its velocity. In these last terms, beside the increment of velocity we have to consider the intensity of gravity; this in accordance with a second law of the double fluid theory (not well study yet); for instance, if the intensity is one, by this reason the effect will be proportional to one; if the intensity is two the corresponding effect would be equal to two… In the third term, it is affected by the coefficient (B π / c )², in which: B = 19,969 / 2 m / Sec.; but really with the intensity of gravity produced by the Sun, the velocity of the planet is: vm = 4.79 x 10⁴ m / Sec.; also the value vm is an average one in a lineal way; but is bigger considering a second powder one (v2).

Considering no aberrated effects, the first term (1) into the angular parenthesis will give the angle that produce the planet moving from the aphelion point (O) toward the perihelion point (P), and vice versa. Now considering aberrated effects, the second term into the parenthesis, affected by (1 / c) will give a delay of the perihelion when moves from the perihelion toward the aphelion, and when moves in the opposite direction will give an advance effect. Finally, the third and fourth terms into the angular parenthesis will give a definitive angular deviation of advance of second order..

Trajectory of the planet from the aphelion to the perihelion without considering aberratories

effects: dθ = π radians = 180^o

From the perihelion to the aphelion: dθ = -- 180º
The trajectories considering the oscillate aberration of first order: :

^0.5 _dθ

(ca / c)² dθ = (2 B π / c) [Sin.θ (1 + E Cos.θ) (1 + C Cos θ =

(2 B π / c) Sin θ (1 + 0.206 Cos.θ) (1 + 0.395228 Cos.θ)^—0.5 dθ

In the integral tables is not found any formula as the fore one, for direct integration; but with the Newton´s binomial we obtain the following formula: (1 + C Cos.θ)^—0.5 = 1 – 0.5 C Cos.θ + 0.5 x 1.5 C² Cos.²θ / 2¡ - 0.5 x 1.5 x 2.5 C³ Cos.³θ / 3¡ + . . . =

1 – 0.197614 Cos.θ + 0.0585769 Cos.²θ – 0.0192927 Cos.³θ + 0.00667189 Cos.⁴θ – . . . .

When the planet moves from the perihelion toward the apjelion, or in the ipposite way, we have:

Sin θ Cosⁿ θ dθ = --[ Sin² θ Cosⁿ⁺¹ θ / / (n + 1)

= 0; there is no aberation effect. But
when the planet moves from an intermediate point between the perihelion and the aphelion, to them is
produced an ooscillate value.
But when the planet moves from the intermediate point: q = 0^o, we have:

Sin² θ Cosⁿ θ d θ = --Sin θ Cos ⁿ⁺¹ θ / (n + 1)

=

Cosⁿ⁺¹ θ]

Cos.ⁿθ Sin.θ dθ = --

Cos^.n+1θ / (n + 1)

Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.θ = 1
Cos.θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.²θ / 2 = + 1 /2
Cos.²θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.³θ / 3 = +1/3
Cos.³θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.⁴θ / 4 = +1/4 .
Cos.⁴θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.⁵θ / 5 = + 1/5
Cos.⁵θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.⁶θ / 6 = + 1/6

Cos.⁶θ Sin.θ dθ = --Cos.⁷θ / 7 = + 1/7

+1 D = + Sin.θ= 1+ 0.206 (1/2) = + 1.103

(1 + 0.206 Cos.θ) dθ

-0.197614 D = - 0.197614 Sin.θ (1 + 0-206 Cos.θ) Cos.θ dθ = - (0.197614 (1/2) -
0.197614 x 0.206 (1/ 3) =
+0.0585769 D =  = + 0.0585769 (1/3) +

+ 0.0585769 Sin θ (1 + 0.206 Cos.θ) Cos.²θ dθ0.0585769 x 0.206 (1/4) = + 0.0225423

-0.0192927 D = - 0.0192927 Sin θ (1 + 0.206 Cos.θ) Cos.³θ dθ = = - 0.0192927 (1/4) – 0.0192927 x 0.206 (1/5) = - 0.0086817

+0.00667189 D = + 0.00667189  =

Sin θ (1 + 0.206 Cos.θ) Cos.⁴θ dθ+0.00667189 (1/5) + 0.00667189 x 0.206 (1/6) = 0.00156344

Σ DL = 1.04504
Angular oscillatory aberration (first order):

θ2 = (2 B π / c) Sin.θ (1 + Cos.θ) (1 + C Cos.θ)^—0.5 dθ = (2 B π / c ) Σ D´ =

(19,969 π = 2.185 x 10^—4 radians = 45.”0 / half orbit

3 x 108) 1.04504

With the aberralogy my father proved that the theories of relativity are wrong. Before my father, the ideas of aberration were study in very elementary way, and only were seen them from geometrical point of view, as did Bradley, or Doppler in the study of the frequency of sound and other radiation; my father did this, studding not only geometrical aberrations, but he considered energetic variations; so he discovered the first law of the double fluid theory; in this way he was able to solve the deflection of a ray of light in a gravitatory field (see the fore problem with the same name). Way he was able to solve the deflection of a ray of light in a gravitatory field (see the fore problem with the same name).

In this theme the problems of aberration are seen in a more profound way. In the fore mentioned theme was only considered the aberration effects produced by direct variation of the radiation (gravity) that produce the aberration. In this way the aberration grows in a lineal proportion of the increment of such radiation, and diminish in a lineal proportion of the decrement of such radiation To this we call aberration of the first order. But there are other kind of aberrations, that are manifested only as positive ones. These other aberrations are manifested when exists a radiation that produce such aberration, it does not matter the radiations grow or diminish. In both cases the radiations produce an energy of aberration; in the first case such energy grows when the radiation grows; and diminish when the radiation diminishes, in the second case, also there is an energy, although it decreases. For the production of the aberration of second order it is only required there is a quantity of gravity that increment the deflection of the planet, so the second term of the equation (51), affected by /1 / c) can produce second order aberrations affected by (vm π / c)²; this beside the first order aberration affected by (2 B π / c)²; this beside the first order aberration affected by: (2 B π / c), that was given before. With the numerical problems will be seen forward will be understand better all this.

Next it is going to see the aberration (affected by 1 / c²) of second order. . In the third and fourth terms (affected by 1 / c²) the aberration is of second order. As was say before, the second order aberrations always are of advance, although the planet moves from the perihelion toward the aphelion; that is when the intensity of gravity diminishes..

First it is going to see the aberration of second order produced by the second term (affected by 1 / c) of the formula (51). The aberration of second order produced by the second term of equation

(51) is considering that: Σ D´2 = 1.04504 is produced in 1 / 2 of orbit and in accordance with the second law of the double fluid theory: θ2 = Σ D´2 x (vm π / 2 c)² = 1.04504 x (47900 π / 2 x 3 x 10⁸) = 6.573 x 10^—8 Rad.

Now we are going to solve the problem of aberration of advance, the third and fourth terms of equation (51) will give this effect. When the planet is moving from the perihelion toward the aphelion, always is affected by the gravity force; it does not matter the gravity diminishes. In a second order process always is produced advance effect, because always there is gravity, although it is reduced when the planet advances from the perihelion toward the aphelion;, this happens in the third and fourth terms that are affected by (1 / c²). Next it is going to see this problem. (1 + C Cos θ)^—1 = 1 - C Cos θ + C² Cos²θ - C³ Cos³θ + C⁴ Cos⁴θ -. . . = 1 - 0.395228 Cos θ + 0.156205 Cos²θ – 0.617367 Cos³θ +0.0244 Cos⁴θ - . . . .

Cosⁿ θ Sin.²θ dθ = Sin.θ Cos,n⁺¹θ / (2 + n) + [ 1 / (2 + 1)]

Cosⁿθdθ =

0 + [1 / (2 + n)] Cosⁿθ dθ

Sin²θ(1 + 2 E Cos.θ + E² Cos.²θ) (1 + C Cos.θ)^--1 dθ =

Sen²θ (1 + 2 x 0.206 Cos.θ + 0.206² Cos²θ) (1 + 0.395828 Cos.θ)^—1 dθ =

Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042435 Cos²θ) (1 + 0.395828 Cos.θ) ^–1 dθ

(1 + C Cos.θ)^--1 = 1 – C Cos.θ + C² Cos.²θ - C³ Cos.³θ + C⁴ Cos.⁴θ - . . . . =

1 – 0.395228 Cos.θ + 0.156205 Cos.²θ - 0.0617367 Cos.³θ + 0.0244 Cos.⁴θ - .... . .

Cosⁿ θ Sin.²θ dθ = Sin.θ Cos,ⁿ⁺¹θ / (2 + n) = + [ 1 / (2 + 1)] Cosⁿθdθ =

0 + [1 / (2 + n)] Cosⁿθ dθ

:

Cos ⁿq Sin²q dq = 0 + {(n-1) / (2 + n)} Cosn^-2 dq

Cos q dq = Sin θ

Cos²q dq = q / 2

Cos³ q dq = {(3 –1)/ (2+3)} = 2

Sin q / 5 Cos⁵ q Sin² q dq = {(5 –1) / (2+ 5)}

Cos³ q dq = 2 Cos³ q

Important remark: The next data do not give proportion of distances; but the propotions of theincrement of the precession of the satellite by unitary haf orbit.

Sin.²θ dθ = θ = 1.5708 Cos.θ Sin.²θ dθ = (1 / 3) Sin.θ

= 0 Cos²θ Sin²θ dθ = (1 / 4) θ = 0.3927 Cos³θ Sin^.2θ dθ = (2 / 15) Sin.θ

= 0 Cos⁴θ Sin²θ dθ = (3 / 48) θ = =.0.19635

Cos.⁵θ Sin.²θ dθ = (8 / 35) Sin.θ

= 0

Cos.⁶θ Sin.²θ dθ = (15 / 384) θ = 0.1227

+ 1 D = + Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042436 Cos²θ) dθ =

+

1.571 + 0.412 x 0 + 0.042436 x 0.3927 = + 1.5877

- 0.395228 D = - 0.395228 Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042436 Cos²θ) Cos.θ dθ =

-0.395228 x 0 - 0.395228 X 0.412 x 0.3927 – 0.395228 x 0.042436 x 0 = - 0.0639

+ 0.156205 D = + 0.156205 Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042436 Cos²θ) Cos²θ dθ = +

+ 0.156205 x 0.3927 + 0.156205 x 0.412 x 0 + 0.156205 x 0.042436 x 0.19635 = + 0.0626

-0.0617367 D = - 0.0617367 Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042436 Cos²θ) Cos³θ dθ =

-

0.0617367 x 0 – 0.0617367 x 0.412 x0.19635 – 0.0617367 x 0.042436 x 0.0 = - 0.0050

+ 0.0244 D = + 0.244 Sin²θ (1 + 0.412 Cos.θ + 0.042436 Cos²θ) Cos⁴θ dθ =  +0.0244 x 0.19635 + 0.0244 x 0.412 x 0.0 + 0.0244 x 0.042436 x 0.12272 = + 0.0049

Σ D = 1.59

In accordance with the second term of formula (51), we have: In accordance with the numerical data given before we have the aberrated (of advance) angle θ3´ in one Mercury half orbit, equal to: θ3´ = Σ D (vm π / 2 c)² =

1.59 (4.79 x 10⁴ π / (2 x3 x 10⁸)² = 1.00015 x 10^--7 Rad. / half orbit

The radiation produced by the fourth term of equation (51) = θ4” = 3 (vm / c)² = 3 (4.79 x 10⁴ / 3 x 10⁸) = 7.648 x 10^—8 In accordance with the second term of formula (51), we have:

θ2´ = Σ D2´(vm π / 2 c)² = 1.04504 (4.79 x 10⁴ π / 2 x 3 x10⁸)² = 6.574 x 10^--8
θ2´+ θ3´+ θ4´ = θ´ = 6.574 x 10^—8 + 1.00015 x 10^—7 + 7.648 x 10^—8 = 2.42 x 10^—7 Rad. / half orbit ..

.2.42 x 10^—7 Rad./ half orbit. Since Mercury’s years are of 88 terrestrial days, in one terrestrial century the planet Mercury will rotate around the Sun: :365.25 x 100 / 88 = 415 revolutions. A radian has 206,264”, so the angular aberratory deviation of advance (precession of the perihelion) will be: 0.000000242 x 206,264 x 415 x 2 = 41”.7 / century. This value is practically equal to the real 43”.8, the observed one-

Cananea, Sonora, México, año 1945 Estanislao R. de Hoyos